Chapter 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology

Operational definition

describes the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable.

Validity

________ is the extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov

________ trained dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a tone, demonstrating stimulus- response learning.

Freud

________ believed that early life experiences shape personality and that the unconscious is the source of desires, thoughts, and memories.

Reliability

________ is consistency or repeatability.

G Stanley Hall

________ founded the American Psychological Association, founded a psychology lab using introspection at Johns Hopkins University, and became its first president.

Descriptive Statistics

________: Numbers that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample.

Pavlovs experiments

________ at the beginning of the 20th century paved the way for behaviorism, which dominated psychology in America from the 1920s to the 1960s.

Empirical philosopher Locke

________ believed that mind and body interact symmetrically (monism), knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience since we are born without knowledge,"a blank slate "(tabula rasa)

Participation

________ in a study should be voluntary, and not coerced or influenced as part of a grade, raise, or promotion.

Statistical significance

________ (p) is a measure of the likelihood that the difference between groups results from a real difference between the two groups rather than from chance alone.

American Psychological Association

The ________ (APA) lists ethical principles and code of conduct for the scientific, educational, or professional roles for all psychologists.

Wundt

________ used trained introspection to study the mind's structure and identify consciousness's basic elements- sensations, feelings, and images.

Nature nurture controversy

________: which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience.

standard deviation

Variance and ________ (SD) indicate the degree to which scores differ from each other and vary around the mean value for the set.

Sigmund Freud

________ opposed behaviorists in Austria.

Descartes

________ defended mind- body dualism (Cogito ergo sum "- I think, therefore I am) "and that what we know is innate.

Neuropsychologists

________ explore the relationships between brain /nervous systems and behavior.

scientific experiment

In a(n) ________, the researcher controls a variable and observes the response.

modern psychology

The model is a unifying theme in ________ drawing from and interacting with the seven approaches to explain behavior.

median

The ________ is the middle score when the set of data is ordered by size.

mode

The ________ is the most frequently occurring score in a set of research data.

Roots of psychology

________ can be traced to philosophy and physiology /biology over 2, 000 years ago in ancient Greece.

Case Study

________: is an in- depth examination of a specific group or single person that typically includes interviews, observations, and test scores.

Meta analysis

________ provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion.

Survey Method

________: researchers use questionnaires or interviews to ask a large number of people questions about their behaviors, thoughts, and attitudes.

Clinical psychologists

________ treat people with temporary psychological crises like grief, addiction, or social issues and those with chronic psychiatric disorders.

Social psychologists

________ focus on how a persons mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people.

Humanists

________ value feelings and believe people are naturally positive and growth- seeking.

Wilhelm Wundt

In 1879, ________ founded scientific psychology by founding a laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, to study immediate conscious sensation.

Inferential statistics

________ are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.

Psychoanalytic theory

________ explained mental disorders, personality, and motivation through unconscious internal conflicts.

Demand characteristics

________: The clues participants discover about the purpose of the study, including rumors they hear about the study suggesting how they should respond.

Variables

________ are factors with multiple values.

Variability

________ describes the spread or dispersion of scores for a set of research data or distribution.

Psychologists

________ studied social and environmental factors affecting cultural differences in behavior.

Double

________- blind procedure, a research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Titchener's first graduate student and first psychology PhD was ________.

Frequency polygon

________- a line graph that replaces the bars with single points and connects the points with a line.

Single blind procedure

________, a research design in which the participants dont know which treatment group- experimental or control- they are in.

psychological factors

The biopsychosocial model integrates biological processes, ________, and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes.

Placebo effect

________ is now used to describe any cases when experimental participants change their behavior in the absence of any kind of experimental manipulation.

Random selection

________ can be achieved by putting all the names in a hat and picking out a specified number of names, by alphabetizing the roster of enrollees and choosing every fifth name, or by using a table of random numbers to choose participants.

arithmetic average

The mean is the ________ of the set of scores.

Edward Titchener

________ brought introspection to his Cornell University lab, analyzed consciousness into its basic elements, and investigated how they are related.

Nature-nurture controversy

which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience

Sample

  a subgroup of the population

Experimental group

receives the treatment

Control group

does not receive the treatment

Between-subjects design

 The participants in the experimental and control groups are different individuals

Confounding variables

 Differences between the experimental group and the control group other than those resulting from the independent variable

Subjects

attend the same two sessions upon which the quiz is based

Demand characteristics

  The clues participants discover about the purpose of the study, including rumors they hear about the study suggesting how they should respond

Placebo

  The imitation pill, injection, patch, or other treatment