KIN 223 Exam Skeletal

CHAPTER 7

Bone is considered part of the skeletal system, but ligaments are not

False

The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the?

Distal epiphysis

What is the incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity?

Endosteum

Which is not correct about spongy bone?

It is composed of tubular units called osteons

Bone is \____ and contains mainly \_____ nerves

highly vascularized; sensory

Before beginning orthodontic treatment, a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth. What feature of the long bones will the orthodontist use to assess this?

Epiphyseal plate

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

red bone marrow

Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage

C. stem cells undergo mitosis, D. committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts, A. new matrix is produced and secreted, B. chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna

During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matric are the

Chondroblasts

The epiphyseal plates in the \___ are the last one in the body to ossify

Clavicle

Endochondral ossification begins with a(n) \___ model

Hyaline cartilage

Which choice places the steps of intramembranous ossification in correct chronological order?

C. Ossification centers form, B. osteoid undergoes calcification, D. Formation of woven bone and its periosteum, A. formation of lamellar bone

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?

Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth

Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called?

Appositional growth

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

All of the choices are correct

In the kidneys, parathyroid hormone acts to \___ production of calcitriol and to \___ excretion of calcium in urine

Increase; decrease

Rickets, a disease characterized by overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid tissue, is caused by a lack of

Vitamin D

Which sex tend to lose more bone mass with aging

Women

The process of bone repair includes these steps:

fracture hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone is remodeled

During bone repair, when does the bony callus form?

After the soft callus forms

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?

Site of bone elongation and growth

If a clinician were looking to harvest bone marrow that made blood cells, which bone of a donor would be sampled?

Os Coxa

Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix

Osteoblasts

Bone cells called \_____ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix

Osteoclasts

Which is a sesamoid bone?

patella

Compact bone

is composed of tubular units called osteons

Hyaline cartilage contains a \____ percentage of water; cartilage cells reside in small spaces called \____

High; lacunae

Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its \___ and occurs in the \______ region of the cartilage

Length; internal

During the process of endochondral ossification, chondrocytes in the cartilage model die. Why does this occur

Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix

When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within

Mesenchyme

The steps in the process of endochondral ossification are

F. cartilage model develops, B. cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms, A. ossification center forms in the diaphysis, C. ossification centers form in the epiphyses, D. bone replaces cartilage, E. epiphyseal plates ossify

Chronically high levels of \______ inhibit(s) bone growth

Serotonin

Which is false regarding bone remodeling

It occurs only at articular surfaces.

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are

resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage, ossification

Calcitonin \___ osteoclast activity, which will \____ blood calcium levels

Inhibits; decrease

Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging

All of the choices are correct

Which is the definition for a greenstick fracture?

only one side of bone is broken, other side is bent

Consider the classification of bone, and examples of each. Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection

Long bones

What gives bone its flexibility

collagen fibers

The bones of the fingers and toes (phalanges) are categorized as \___ bones

Long

Which is not a function of bone

Hormone synthesis

Flat bones

Protect underlying soft tissue and may be slightly curved

Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by

Osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilage

As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in,

Osteoblasts become osteocytes

The shaft of a long bone is called the \______, while the expanded knobby region at each end is called the \_____

Diaphysis, epiphysis

During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by

Osteoblasts

The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located in the

Epiphysis

In an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following bones except the

Radius of forearm

The formation of bone from a cartilaginous model is termed

Endochondral ossification

The break of a bone that has been weakened by disease is a \_____ fracture; when a broken end of the bone pierces the skin, the fracture is \___

Pathologic; compound

Mechanical stress applied to bone \____ osteoblast activity in bone tissue, and the removal of mechanical stress \____ osteoblast activity

Increases; decreases

CHAPTER 8

Which bone does not belong to the appendicular skeleton?

Sacrum

Each of the depression on the maxilla and mandible that holds a tooth is called a(n)

Alveolus

The portion of the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland is the

Sella turcica

Of the following list, which describe the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A and c, A. Warm and moisten inhaled air, C. provide resonance to the voice

Which of these skull bones cannot be easily palpated?

Ethmoid

The hyoid bone is located between the

mandible and the larynx.

The membranous sheets that connect developing cranial bones are called

Fontanelles

Which statement accurately describes the articulation between ribs and vertebrae?

Twelve thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs

Which curves of the vertebral column are present at birth

Thoracic and sacral

The vertebral processes that are most easily palpated along the midline of the back are the \____ processes

Spinous

How many pairs of ribs articulate (directly or indirectly) with the sternum

10

Which statement accurately compares the hand and the foot?

The hand and the foot each have 14 phalanges

What bone(s) does the clavicle articulate with

scapula and sternum

The \___ of the scapula is the point where the medial and lateral borders meet.

Inferior angle

In the hand, how many phalanges does each digit have (not including the thumb)?

Three

Which bones articulate with the humerus?

scapula, radius, ulna

What are you resting your hand on when you rest them on your hips, just below the waist?

Iliac crest

On the os coxae, the ischial ramus is fused to the

inferior pubic ramus

The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with the

Medial and lateral condyle of the femur

The expanded distal end of the fibula is called the

Lateral malleolus

Which bone marking does not serve as an articulating surface

Epicondyle

Rami, trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities are bone markings that serve as

Attachments for ligaments or tendons

The sagittal suture joins the

left and right parietal bones

Which bones form the inferior margin of the orbit

maxilla and zygomatic

Which is not a function of the vertebral column

Passageway for cranial nerves

The vertebral column includes \____ cervical, \____ thoracic, \____ lumbar vertebra

7,12,5

Rib 1 articulates with vertebra \____ and the \_____

T1; manubrium of the sternum

The pollex has \___ phalanges

2 (proximal and distal)

The bones of the antebrachium are the

radius and ulna

Which is not correct regarding the pelvis

In anatomic position, the pubis is posterior and inferior to the ischium.

Not counting sesamoid bones, what is the total number of tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges in a single angle and foot

26

Which of the following is a leg bone that bears the most weight

Tibia

Transverse foramina are found in \____ vertebrae

cervical

Which is not a site for muscle attachment on the femur

Lateral condyle

Which is not a correct pairing of a bone and its common name?

Talus - heel

The \_____ suture is the articulation between the occipital bone and both parietal bones

Lambdoid

In anatomic position, the radius lies \____ to the ulna

Lateral

The biceps brachii muscle attaches to the \_____ of the radius

Radial tuberosity

Which of these features is found in a lumbar vertebra?

All of the choices are correct

The \_____ process of the mandible articulate with the temporal bone

Condylar

Which cervical vertebra is also known as the vertebra prominens?

C7

At what location do the three bones of the os coxae fuse?

Acetabulum

The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the

Foot

The acetabulum is

A depression in the hip bones that receives the head of the femur

Which feature is unique to the axis?

dens

The skull consists of \___ cranial bones and \___ facial bones

8, 14