SEHS data analysis

What is validity in the context of sports science data?

Validity refers to whether a test actually measures what it claims to measure.

Define reliability and explain how it affects data collection in performance testing.

Reliability is the consistency or repeatability of a test. High reliability means results are consistent across repeated trials.

What is the difference between accuracy and precision in data measurement?

Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision is how consistent repeated measurements are.

Define standard deviation and explain its significance in interpreting test results.

Standard deviation measures how spread out the data points are from the mean. A smaller SD indicates more consistent results.

What is a positive correlation, and how does it appear on a scatterplot?

A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other also increases. On a scatterplot, it appears as an upward trend.

Explain what a linear regression line shows in performance data analysis.

A linear regression line shows the best-fit line through data points, indicating the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

Define outlier and describe its impact on statistical analysis.

An outlier is a data point significantly different from others. It can skew the mean and reduce the accuracy of data interpretation.

What is inferential statistics, and how is it used in sports science research?

Inferential statistics involves drawing conclusions from sample data about a population, such as determining the effectiveness of a training method.

Define dependent variable and independent variable in the context of an experiment.

The independent variable is what is manipulated (e.g., type of training), while the dependent variable is what is measured (e.g., sprint time).

What is a control variable, and why is it important?

A control variable is a factor kept constant to ensure a fair test. It prevents other variables from influencing the results.

A line graph shows VO₂ max scores before and after a 6-week training program. How would you determine if the training was effective?

Look for an increase in VO₂ max scores post-training; statistical tests (e.g., paired t-test) can confirm if the increase is significant.

What does a small standard deviation tell you about the consistency of results in a fitness test?

It indicates that the results are closely clustered around the mean, showing high consistency.

A scatterplot shows the relationship between squat 1RM and vertical jump height. How do you interpret a strong positive correlation in this context?

As squat strength increases, vertical jump height tends to increase, suggesting a potential link between lower body strength and jump performance.

How can a box-and-whisker plot help in identifying outliers and variability in sprint time data?

It shows the spread of data, median, quartiles, and any outliers as individual points outside the "whiskers."

In a study measuring reaction time, what methods could be used to improve reliability?

Standardize procedures, use the same equipment, test at the same time of day, and ensure participants are equally rested.

Why is it important to report both mean and standard deviation in performance test results?

The mean shows the average performance, while the SD shows variability, offering a fuller picture of data consistency and trends.

A study reports a high correlation between arm span and spike reach in volleyball. Does this mean longer arms cause better spikes? Explain.

No, correlation does not imply causation. Other factors like timing, power, and technique also contribute.

How can data analysis help in evaluating the effectiveness of a new training intervention?

It allows comparison of pre- and post-test data, highlights significant improvements, and supports evidence-based conclusions.