Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
sensation
process where our sensory receptors and sense organs detect and respond to raw sensory data that stimulates them, meaningless
perception
process where we give meaning to sensory information
sensation process
reception, transduction, transmission
perception process
selection, organisation, interpretation
visual perception process
the light travels through the eye and is focused on the retina and detected, the light (electromagnetic energy) is then converted to electrochemical energy (neural impulses), the neural impulses are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve for further processing, neural images are decoded by the primary visual cortex into meaningful features, the brain then organises the neural impulses into patterns that closely resemble the original stimulus, the person perceives the object as …
top down processing
relies on past experience, uses context, if there are gaps in sensory data perception fills them in
bottom up processing
relies on raw sensory data, no previous knowledge used, no higher level cognitive processing used
attention
the process of focusing on specific stimuli whilst ignoring and excluding others
sustained attention
attention on a specific stimulus for a continuous period without being distracted, helps us complete tasks especially when they are boring/repetitive/long
selective attention
selecting what you pay attention to and ignoring any other stimulus
cocktail party phenomena
if a stimulus is of personal importance we will pay closer attention and tune out any other noise
changes in a stimulus that can attract out attention
movement, contrast, intensity, size, duration, repetition
divided attention
multitasking, involves distributing or dividing out attention across 2 or more activities, the more activities required the more difficult it is to divide out attention
depth perception
the ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in 3 dimensions
binocular depth cues
depth signals that require input from both eyes, important in determining the distance of relatively close objects
convergence
involves the brain detecting and interpreting depth or distance from changes in the eye muscles, the 2 eyes turn inwards to focus on objects that are close
retinal disparity
since our eyes r cms apart each retina receives a slightly different visual image due to different angles of view, the disparity in the location of the images on the retinas enables us to make judgements about the depth or distance of an object
monocular depth cues
depth cue requiring the use of 1 eye, can still operate with both eyes, often used by artists to form depth and distance on a 2d canvas
accommodation
involves the automatic focusing mechanism of the lens in the eye to adjust the shape of the lens in response to different distances of view from the object
linear perspective
the apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance, it appears as if the lines come together to a single point on the horizon which demonstrates depth
interposition
an object which partially covers another is closer than the object it covers and therefore the covered object is further away
texture gradient
the gradual diminishing of detail that occurs in surfaces as they recede into the distance, we perceive objects of clear and fine detail as being closer and those that lack detail as being further away
relative size
the tendency to perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closer and the object that produces the smallest image as being further away
height in the visual field
the tendency to visually perceive objects located closer to the horizon as being more distant than objects located further from the horizon
figure-ground
identifying a figure from the background, we perceptually separate the figure against the background
closure
to mentally close up, fill in or ignore gaps in a visual image and to perceive an object as complete
similarity
grouping the parts of the particular visual stimulus that have similar/like characteristics
proximity
the tendency to perceive parts of a visual image which are positioned together as belonging together in a group
gustatory perception
relating to eating or the sense of taste
gustatory perception process
the primary gustatory cortex processes the sensation of a mixture of the 5 basic tastes
papillae
contain tastebuds which contain the various taste receptor cells
biological factors of gustatory perception
age, genetics, number of taste receptors, pregnancy
psychological factors of gustatory perception
memory, motivation, mood, food packaging and appearance
social factors of gustatory perception
culture, social media, religion
biological factors of visual perception
binocular and monocular depth cues
psychological factors of visual perception
gestalt principles, past experiences, memory
social factors of visual perception
culture
perceptual set
when our past experiences determine our expectations of how something should taste
stimulus for visual perception
light (electromagnetic energy)
organ where receptors are located for visual perception
eyes
receptors for visual perception
photoreceptors in the retina
transmission nerve for visual perception
optic nerve
brain location involved in processing for visual perception
visual cortex
stimulus for gustatory perception
chemical molecules (chemical energy)
organ where receptors are located for gustatory perception
tongue
receptors for gustatory perception
gustatory receptors in tastebuds
transmission nerve for gustatory perception
cranial/facial nerve
brain location involved in processing for gustatory perception
gustatory cortex via thalamus
similarities between visual and gustatory perception
send neural impulses from receptors to the brain, converts stimulus to electrochemical energy
perceptual distortion
an inconsistency or mismatch between a perceptual experience and physical reality
visual illusions
when perception consistently differs from objective reality
necker cube illusion
the cube can spontaneously flip to a different orientation when our attention shifts from 1 corner to another
muller-lyer illusion
2 lines of equal length each which have opposite shaped ends is incorrectly perceived as being longer than the other, line with the feather tail is perceived to be longer, line with the arrowhead is perceived to be shorter
carpentered world hypothesis
states that it occurs because of our familiarity to architectural features in the world that allows us to judge depth
ames room illusion
an illusion involving a trapezium shaped room that is longer and higher on one side than the other, when viewed through a peephole at the front of the room using only 1 eye the room appears to be rectangular, ceiling slopes inwards, distorts the size of objects in the room
spinning dancer illusion
the dancer can be interpreted as spinning either clockwise or counter-clockwise due to the lack of depth cues to distinguish between the front and back side of the silhouette, without these cues there is no clear distinction between which side of the body is closer
agnosia
the loss or impairment of the ability to recognise and identify objects, persons, sounds or other sensory stimuli
visual agnosia
the loss or impairment of the ability to recognise visual stimuli
7 types of agnosia
apperceptive visual agnosia, associative visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, simultanagnosia, topographical agnosia, colour agnosia, agnosic alexia
apperceptive visual agnosia
cant perceive the individual parts of a stimulus as a meaningful unified whole, unlikely to be able to properly draw, copy or match a picture of a simple unfamiliar object
associative visual agnosia
can describe an object or draw/copy a picture of it but dont know what they have drawn or explain what it does, cant identify meaning to objects through visual alone
prosopagnosia
the inability to recognise face including their own
simultanagnosia
the inability to recognise more than 1 object at a time in a scene that contains more than 1 object
topographical agnosia
the inability to find ones way around familiar environments, unable to use visual cues in familiar environments to guide them in the right direction and will often become lost
colour agnosia
the inability to identify and distinguish between colours despite having normal colour vision mechanisms, unable to name colours of objects or list objects of a specific colour
agnosic alexia
the inability to recognise or comprehend written or printed words, reading difficulties
supertasters
are more sensitive to certain tastes and experience tastes with greater intensity than most people especially bitter taste, due to a higher density of fungi form papillae therefore more tastebuds and taste receptors
non-supertasters
have an unusually low number of tastebuds
average tasters
about 6 tastebuds in each fungi form papillae
miracle berry
contains the miracle protein called miraculin, miraculin attaches to sweet taste receptors, when exposed to acids this changes the receptors shape and activates the sweet receptors
factors influencing flavour perception
perceptual set, colour intensity, texture
colour intensity
we perceive more intense colours of food or drinks to be more intensely flavoured
synaesthesia
a distortion where the stimulation of 1 sense produces the experience of another sense, adding to the overall perceptual experience
grapheme-colour synaesthesia
association of colour with each letter, number or word
spatial neglect
neurological disorder associated with brain injury, unable to recognise anything on either left or right side, can occur in other senses