New Imperialism (1850-1914) Quiz

New Imperialism

when several European nations along with US and japan exerted unprecedented power in the world as industrial imperialism

- UK and US industrialization

- open China(late 1840's)

- Imperialism in Africa(1885-)

Motivations for Imperialism

- Industrial revolution and growth of capitalism

- nationalism

- social darwinism and nation survival

- christianity

Industrial revolution and growth of capitalism

industrial revolution: period where production of goods shifted from cottage industry to complex machinery

capitalism: an economic system with goal of generating profit and power through free market and private ownership

- britain and US became world dominant new econ forces

-goal is profit and efficiency

- solution is cheap raw materials, markets to sell, forced labor, exploitation, drive comes from nationalism and superiority --?

Nationalism

a strong feeling of pride in ones country, often stems from believing that pones nation far surpasses other nations in power, religion, culture, etc.

Social Darwinism and National Survival

social darwinism: racism that uses evolution (science) to support European preferences and prejudice (how they judged the world). When human groups/races are subject to the same laws of evolution that apply to animals/plants

- race= intelligence, moral development, destiny

- contact with inferior people was health and genetic risk to whites

- whites were ,pst powerful b/c scientifically better

- "survival of the fittest" - spencer

Christianity

evangelical religion with goal of spreading faith in colonies to save people from going to hell (damnation)

- turned others from their cultures, started wars/violence

- European nationalism and social darwinism make whites think that christianity was the best religion, and used bible to justify colonizing nations

Nation State

group of people with common identity/goal/history who also have abilities of a state/government

Imperialism

extending power and domination over region by direct territorial acquisition or gaining political/econ control by force

- like colonization but more extensive(tech) and calculated

- monopoly stage of capitalism

- focus on Africa(natural resources) and Asia/middle east(free markets) --> scramble for africa

- americas had already been colonized and fought for independance, so they moved on to Africa and Asia

Civic Nationalism

defining who belongs based on laws (constitution) - US

Ethnic Nationalism

defining youself by a common culture, identity, religion, etc. - Hitler

Scramble for Africa

Rapid invasion of Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s after the Berlin conference. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain wanted their cheap raw materials and forced labor for profit, industrial time

Sphere of Influence

claim by state to exclusive control over foreign region to control trade and resources (by agreement) - China

4 Locations of New Imperialism in Africa

1. Suez Canal (Egypt): connect east and west, trading goods and ideas globally - 1869

- Egypt, Israel, UK, France, USSR and US had stakes

2. French colonies in Africa

3. South Africa: apartheid

4. Belgian Congo

Cecil Rhodes

built cape town to cairo telegraph line in 1892

Communism

form of socialism by karl marx, abolishes private ownership, where everything is owned by government/community

- no private property/inherited wealth --> smaller wage gap and peacful community

- steeply graduated tax

- centrilized controlled banking, communication, transport

- free public education

- poorer econ --> absolute monarchy easy

Socialism

econ system where govt plans econ and factories are owned and operated by public for societies benefit

- planned market

- public ownership of production

- equality

Anti-imperialism

Capitalism

trade and products privately owned and money invested to make profit

- free market (product competition)

- private ownership of production

- profit

Imperialism = extreme capitalism (expoitation, manipulation, violence)

Cultural Agency

ability for people to act independently and make choices about their culture

ex.) everyone has to learn english, hollywood influence, political influence --> reduces empathy

Berlin Conference

1884-85

purpose= divi up africa in a civil way (scramble for africa)

people= European men who disregarded african tribes there (US, spain, russia, portugal called it, UK, france, Italy, denmark, holland, germany led, Sweden/Norway, ottomans, Austria-Hungary)

outcome= scramble for africa, clear borders, laws, no slave trade

all these nations had military strength and industrialized econ

Chain of evidence

process/record that shows who, where, and when of evidence --> foollow from its origins and connect it to other sources

King Leopold I

Belgian king who exploited the Congo Free State

- 2nd king of young country

- ties with other european monarchs(victoria)

- promised a just and stable government in Congo, missionaries and companies "civilizing". But instead made Congo Free State his private property

Congo (before)

till 1885

- econ and power relied on slave trade with other trides (continental basin)

- had "horrible conditions" Belgium needed to civilize, public thought they needed to be westernized with schools and hospitals

- Africa has peanuts, palm oil, cacao, rubber(all stolen)

Congo Free State

1885-1908

controlled by King Leopold I privately

- exploiting rubber, ivory, cobalt, -->all need forced labor

- used christianity to manipulate congolese into thinking they were inferior, so Belgium could take control without a fight (imperialism of mind)

- told world Belgians were helping the congo(gaslitting)

rubber: sap from huge vines you slice open

ivory: biggest comodity, not that profitable

Belgian Congo

1908-1971

Congo Free State transitioned to Belgian government control.

Independent Zaire

1971-1997

Independent Congo under Mobutu Sese Seko

Force Publique

Military of Congo Free State(1885) that took orders from Belgium officers, used to fight against their own people, collect ivory for Belgium, and to show public that Belgium did civilize the Congolese

Henry Morton Stanley

Explorer who introduced King Leopold II to Congo

- named town Stanleyville

- built infrastructure in Congo to export products, took land by trickery

George Washington Williams

journalist, layer, minister and historian

- wrote book (1890) about african american history, interviewed Leopold II for it and exposed his contradicting words and actions

ex.) destroying land, violence, splitting families, cruel govt

- was 1st to expose Belgium

Alice Seeley Harris

Photographer in early 1900's who exposed horrific Belgian actions in Congo, but also shows blacks as unequal

- shows ppl laboring like slaves, inhumain rules, violence

- her photo human rights campaign abolished slavery in Belgian Congo

- anti-slavery

Roger Casement

1904 - British investigator reported conditions in Congo to public: exposing mutilations, rubber forced labor, migration, starvation

E.D. Morel

British shipping clerk who was went to Belgium, viewed internal shipping records of the Congo Free state and realized that free trade was not taking place in Congo and started to launch a movement for change, public awareness

- saw lots of resources coming in, but only guns, chains and bombs exported to Congo

Joint Stock Company

Business structure where investors pool their resources to fund big enterprises like colonial ventures, share profit

Paternalism

Policy of governing colonies as a parent.

The interference of a state or an individual with another person, against their will, and defended or motivated by a claim that the person interfered with will be better off or protected from harm.

ex.) Canada, India, Austria, South Africa

Imperialism/Colonization of Mind

The idea that you can grow and learn in a system that places you beneath others - means that you think it is the true or correct way of living.

You can actually believe you are inferior, thus reducing your cultural agency and abilities to resist.

Cultural dominance influencing colonized societies.

ex.) poor kids in India

Patrice Lumumba

First Prime Minister of independent Congo 1960-61

- fought for Congos independence

Assassinated by US (CIA), supported by Belgium and UN

-> west has been exploiting Congo for decades, and Lumumba wanted to stop that

- >scared Congo would become communist b/c lumumba would do anything to rebuild Congo and had communist friends/allies

-->sparked riots after

Mobutu Sese Seko

Took over Congo from Lumumba-->Dictator of Zaire(1971-97)

- funded by US, so Zaire stays non-communist

- hurt Zaire by surpressing riots

- overthrown by coup (1997) led by Kabila

- Died rlly wealthy like Leopold II (1997)

Red Rubber

term by E.D. Morel for rubber exploitation in the Congo, shows how much blood the rubber slave trade shed in Congo

Kleptocracy

rule through theft/stealing, when your own leader steals the countries resources (via govt contracts)

ex.) Belgium public, west, Mobutu Sese Seko