BIOL 2110 Lab Practical 2 Study Guide

Phylum Echinodermata

Clade of animals including sea stars, brittle stars, sea lilies, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers

Class Asteroidea

Sea stars

Class Ophiuroidea

Brittle stars

Class Holothuroidea

Sea cucumbers

Class Echinoidea

Sea urchins

Phylum Chordata

Clade of animals that feature a Notochord and 4 other distinct features

Dorsal nerve cord

A hollow tube above the notochord; 1 of the 5 distinct traits of chordates

Post-anal tail

Extension of the spine that protrudes anteriorly; reduced in humans; 1 of 5 distinct traits of chordates

Pharyngeal slits or pouches

Openings into the throat or pouches in the throat; becomes inner ear in humans; 1 of 5 unique traits in chordates

Endostyle

Gland that secrets mucus that traps particles; precursor to thyroid in humans; 1 of 5 unique traits in chordates

Subphylum Urochordata

Clade of animals within Phylum Chordata that includes tunicates and sea squirts

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Clade of animals within Phylum Chordata that includes lancelets

Subphylum Vertebrata

Clade of animals within Phylum Chordata; includes all fish and their descendants

Class Myxini

Clade within Subphylum Vertebrata; includes hagfish

Class Petromyzontida

Clade within Subphylum Vertebrata; includes lampreys

Class Chondrichthyes

Clade within Subphylum Vertebrata; includes cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, skates, and rays

Class Actinopterygii

Clade within Subphylum Vertebrata; includes ray-finned fishes

Class Sarcopterygii

Clade within Subphylum Vertebrata; includes lobe-finned fishes and their tetrapod descendants

Class Amphibia

Clade within Subphylum Vertebrata; includes frogs, caecilians, and salamanders

Order Anura

Clade within Class Amphibia; includes frogs and toads

Order Gymnophiona

Clade within Class Amphibia; includes apodous amphibians such as caecilians

Order Urodela

Clade within Class Amphibia; includes salamanders and newts

Class Reptilia

Clade within Subphylum Vertebrata; includes snakes, crocodiles, turtles, and birds

Order Squamata

Clade within Class Reptilia; includes snakes and lizards

Order Testudines

Clade within Class Reptilia; includes turtles and tortoises

Order Crocodilia

Clade within Class Reptilia; includes crocodiles, alligators, and caimans

Order Anseriformes

Clade within Class Reptilia (formerly Aves); includes waterfowl such as ducks, geese, and swans

Order Galliformes

Clade within Class Reptilia (formerly Aves); includes ground-dwelling birds such as chickens, turkeys, and quail

Order Falconiformes

Clade within Class Reptilia (formerly Aves); includes birds of prey such as falcons, vultures, hawks, and condors

Order Columbiformes

Clade within Class Reptilia (formerly Aves); group of birds such as doves and pigeons

Order Cuculiformes

Clade within Class Reptilia (formerly Aves); group of birds such as cuckoos and roadrunners

Order Strigiformes

Clade within Class Reptilia (formerly Aves); group of birds solely including owls

Order Piciformes

Clade within Class Reptilia (formerly Aves); groups of birds such as woodpeckers and toucans

Order Passeriformes

Clade within Class Reptilia (formerly Aves); largest group of birds, known as songbirds or perching birds

Class Mammalia

Clade of animals within Subphylum Vertebrata; distinct traits include milk-producing glands (mammary) and hair/fur

Order Primates

Clade of animals within Class Mammalia; includes monkeys, lemurs, and apes; distinct traits include opposable thumbs and large brains

Order Cetacea

Clade of animals within Class Mammalia; includes whales, dolphins, and narwhals; distinct traits include fusiform (streamlined) bodies and the largest of any animals to have ever existed

Order Perissodactyla

Clade of animals withing Class Mammalia; odd-toes ungulates, includes horses, rhinos and tapirs; hooves can be present, but not antlers or horns

Order Artiodactyla

Clade of animals within Class Mammalia; even-toed ungulates, includes pigs, hippos, cattle, and deer; hooves, antlers, and horns can be present

Order Carnivora

Clade of animals within Class Mammalia; 3rd largest group of mammals, includes bears, cats, dogs, sea lions, etc.; largely carnivorous, some omnivorous; fastest running animals; some sociality is observed

Order Lagomorpha

Clade of animals within Class Mammalia; includes rabbits, hares, and pikas; employ coprophagy; feature unique peg teeth behind their incisors

Order Chiroptera

Clade of animals within Class Mammalia; solely includes bats, the only mammals that employ powered flight; 2nd most diverse group of mammals

Order Rodentia

Clade of animals within Class Mammalia; most common and diverse group of mammals, includes mice, beavers, porcupines, and squirrels; feature unique chisel-like incisors

Carnivorous

Used to describe an animal that eats meat or flesh

Herbivorous

Used to describe an animal that eats plants

Insectivorous

Used to describe an animal that eats insects

Granivorous

Used to describe an animal that eats seeds or grains

Frugivorous

Used to describe an animal that eats fruit

Omnivorous

Used to describe an animal that eats food from a multitude of sources

Sanguivorous

Used to describe an animal that eats blood

Saltatorial

Limbs adapted for jumping

Cursorial

Limbs adapted for running

Arboreal

Limbs adapted for climbing, particularly trees

Natatorial

Limbs adapted for swimming

Aerial

Limbs adapted for flight

Fossorial

Limbs adapted for burrowing

Ruminant herbivores

Cattle, sheep, goats, etc.; feature additional stomach chamber(s) (rumen(s)) for chemical breakdown of food

Nonruminant herbivores

Rabbits, guinea pigs, horses, etc.; lacking additional stomach chambers; often coprophagous as means of absorbing nutrients left behind from first digestion

Monotremes/Prototherians

Most primitive means of reproduction in mammals; employed by echidnas and platypuses

Marsupials/Metatherians

Animals that employ viviparity without a placenta; feature pouch in which young develop and acquire milk from mammary glands; can employ diapause

Placentals/Eutherians

Most prevalent reproductive system in mammals; embryos develop in utero on fixed schedule

Diapause

Ability in marsupials to arrest development of embryo to nourish pre-existing juveniles

Human skull

Human vertebrae

Human pectoral girdle

Human pelvic girdle

Human sternum

Human rib cage

Human humerus

Human femur

Human radius

Human ulna

Human tibia

Human fibula

Human phalanges

Human metacarpals

Human carpals

Human metatarsals

Human tarsals

Bird synsacrum

Bird pygostyle

Bird sternum

Bird tibiotarsus

Bird carpometacarpus

Bird tarsometatarsus

Water vascular (ambulacral) system

A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube feet, which function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

Stone canal

In echinoderms, a short canal that connects the madreporite to the ring canal around the mouth

Ring canal

In echinoderms, a circular canal that is near the mouth and that is part of the water-vascular system

Tiedemann's bodies

Organ for defense function, attached to ring canal in echinoderms; filters water into perivisceral coelom

Axial sinus and dorsal sac

What make up the hemal system in echinoderms?

Hemal system

Strands of tissue that encircle an echinoderm near the ring canal of the water vascular system; circulates coelomic fluid and distributes nutrients

Madreporite

Sieve-like structure through which the water vascular system of an echinoderm opens to the outside

Pedicellariae

Tiny pincers that are used for surface maintenance by sea stars and some sea urchins

Ossicles

Bony plates just under the skin of echinoderms; form the bony protrusions that earned them the "spiny skin" name

Largely herbivorous and insectivorous

What is the diet of animals from clade Rodentia?

Frugivorous, insectivorous, sanguivorous

What is the diet of animals from clade Chiroptera?

Herbivorous; employs coprophagy

What is the diet of animals from clade Lagomorpha?

Largely carnivorous, some omnivorous

What is the diet of animals from clade Carnivora?

Herbivorous

What is the diet of animals from clade Artiodactyla?

Herbivorous

What is the diet of animals from clade Perissodactyla?