Section C W 25 Review

Junco song variation

Different trills with variations serving various functions such as mating, warning, and territorial disputes.

Phenotypic plasticity

The ability of an organism to change its behavior or physical traits in response to environmental changes.

Urbanization effects on birds

Changes in bird behavior and song patterns due to urban factors like sound and light pollution.

HPA axis

The central stress response system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands.

Chronic stress

A prolonged and persistent stress response leading to negative health effects over time.

Acute stress

A short-term stress response that increases glucocorticoid levels temporarily.

Homeostasis

The physiological process that maintains internal stability despite external changes.

Allostasis

The process of achieving stability through change in response to environmental stressors.

Metapopulations

Populations that are geographically isolated but connected through dispersal and recolonization.

Competitive exclusion principle

Two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist indefinitely.

Isoclines

Graphs that show the relationship between populations of two competing species and their carrying capacities.

Common garden experiments

Controlled experiments that isolate the effects of genetic and environmental factors on species traits.

Niche overlap

When two species share a similar ecological niche, leading to competition.

Trophic cascade

Ecological phenomenon where changes in one population affect multiple other populations in the food chain.

Flight initiation distance (FID)

The distance at which an animal will flee from an approaching threat.

Stressors

Sources of physical or perceived threats to homeostasis.

Non-consumptive effects

Impacts of predation that affect prey species without direct consumption.

Dynamic energy budget

Model illustrating the allocation of energy in organisms for growth, maintenance, and reproduction.

Allee effects

When population growth declines if the size falls below a critical threshold, affecting reproduction.

Behavioral observation for measuring wellness

Monitoring time spent on various activities to assess health and stress levels.