International Marketing Exam 2

Individualism

A cultural orientation where individuals prioritize their own needs and goals over those of the group or organization.

Collectivism

A cultural orientation in which individuals see themselves as part of strong in-groups and prioritize group goals over personal ones.

Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)

A measure of how comfortable a culture is with ambiguity and uncertainty regarding the future.

Power Distance Index (PDI)

The level of acceptance of unequal power distribution and authority among individuals in a society.

Indulgence vs. Restraint

A cultural dimension that looks at the extent to which a society allows for indulgence in basic and natural human desires.

Masculinity/Femininity Index (MAS)

A measurement that assesses a culture's preference for competitiveness and achievement versus cooperation and caring.

Long-term Orientation (LTO)

A cultural dimension that reflects a society's focus on future rewards, persistence, and adaptability over past or present traditions.

Enculturation

The process of learning the values, beliefs, and behaviors of one's own culture.

Acculturation

The learning that occurs when an individual travels to a new culture and assimilates its values and practices.

Cultural Imperatives

Business customs and expectations that must be met or conformed to in order to avoid offending local sensibilities.

Cultural Electives

Behaviors or customs that are not required but are considered polite for foreigners to follow.

Cultural Exclusives

Customs or behaviors that are forbidden or strictly reserved for members of a culture, which outsiders should not try to engage in.