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Computing Device
A machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors.
Computing System
A group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose.
Computing Network
A group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.
Router
A type of computer that forwards data across a network.
Path
The series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.
Redundancy
The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail.
Fault Tolerant
A system that can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures.
Bandwidth
The maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.
Packet
A chunk of data sent over a network.
Packet Metadata
Data added to all packets to help route them through the network and potentially reassemble the original message.
Datastream
Information passed through the internet in packets.
Scalability
The capacity for the system to change in size and scale to meet new demands.
Protocol
An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system.
Internet Protocol (IP)
A protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
A protocol for sending packets quickly with minimal error-checking and no resending of dropped packets.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
A protocol for sending packets that does error-checking to ensure all packets are received and properly ordered.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
A protocol for computers to request and share the pages that make up the world wide web on the Internet.
Domain Name System (DNS)
The system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses.
Digital Divide
Differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics.
User Interface
The inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software.
Input
Data that are sent to a computer for processing by a program.
Output
Any data that are sent from a program to a device.
Program Statement
A command or instruction in a program.
Program
A collection of program statements that run one command at a time.
Sequential Programming
Program statements that run in order, from top to bottom.
Event Driven Programming
Some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press.
Debugging Strategies
Methods to troubleshoot and correct errors in programming.
Metadata
Data about data.
Cleaning and Filtering
The process of preparing and organizing data by removing inaccuracies and structuring it for analysis.
Bar Chart
A chart that represents data with rectangular bars to show the frequency of values.
Histogram
A graphical representation that organizes a group of data points into specified ranges.
Cross Tab
A table that displays the frequency distribution of variables.
Scatter Plot
A graphical representation showing the relationship between two numeric variables.
Open Data
Publicly available data shared for analysis.
Crowdsourcing
Obtaining input from a large number of people via the Internet.
Citizen Science
Research where data collection is done by members of the public using their own computing devices.
Big Data
Extensive datasets that require advanced methods for processing and analysis.
Lossy Compression
A data compression method that reduces file size by eliminating some information, resulting in a loss of quality.
Lossless Compression
A data compression method that reduces file size without losing any information, allowing the original data to be perfectly reconstructed.
Algorithm
A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem or completing a task.
Iteration
Repetition of a process in programming, often used in loops to execute a sequence of instructions multiple times.
Variable
A symbolic name associated with a value and whose associated value may be changed.
Boolean
A data type that has two possible values: true or false.
Conditional Statement
A programming statement that executes a certain section of code based on whether a condition is true or false.
Function
A named section of a program that performs a specific task and can be reused.
Intellectual Property
Legal rights that grant creators protection for their inventions, designs, and artistic works.
Copyright
A form of protection grounded in the U.S. Constitution and granted by law for original works of authorship.
Overflow
An error that occurs when a calculation produces a result that exceeds the storage capacity of the allocated variable.
Binary
A base-2 numeral system using only two symbols: 0 and 1, commonly used in computing.
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