Studied by 23 people
AP World History- 1750 to 1900s
Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
Philosophes
Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.
Social Contract
An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed
Natural Rights
the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
British writer, philosopher and feminist who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Argued that women are not naturally inferior to men. Maintained that women deserve the same fundamental rights as men
Romanticism
a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.
Conservatism
A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.
Deism
A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
Liberalism
A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.
Classical Liberalism
Emphasizes freedom, democracy, and the importance of the individual.
Radicals
those who favor extreme change
Tabula Rasa
John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Voltaire
(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy
Baron von Montesquieu
French philosopher most known for having 3 branches of government to check the power of each other.
Thomas Hobbes
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
Separation of Powers
Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
Balance of Power
a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others
Estate System
a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
French Revolution
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
Ancient Regime (Old Regime)
The old social order in France in the feudal days
Declaration of Rights of Man
French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
Motto for the Declaration of Men meaning "Liberty, equality, and fraternity"
Bastille
fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789
Reign of Terror
(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"
Guillotine
A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.
Seven Year War (1756-1763)
global conflict between the European great powers; the French and Indian War was part of this larger conflict.
American Revolution
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence
George Washington
1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Tennis Court Oath
A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
Primogeniture
right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son
Maroons
Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.
Creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World.
Peninsulares
Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.
Gens de Couleur
Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.
Napolean Bonaparte (1769-1821)
French military leader and emperor who seizes power in 1799 and conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century.
Napoleonic Code
This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property.
King Louis XVI
King of France, weak leader, executed during the French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror.
Miguel Hidalgo
Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions
Jose de San Martin
South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru
Dom Pedro I
Son and successor of Dom João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil.
Simon Bolivar
Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule
Spanish American Revolutions
Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by lower classes. A more social radical rebellion, known as the Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion, began in Mexico in 1810 and was led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos.
Gran Colombia
Bolivar's dream of a united South America
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
Jamaica Letter
A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.
Haitian Revolution
Toussaint L'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.
Saint Domingue
Haiti half of island of Hispaniola; where the Toussaint L'Overture revolt occurred
Haiti
Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.
Zionism
A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.
Theodor Herzi
Austrian journalist and Zionist, formed World Zionist Organization, promoted Jewish state
Count Cavour
(1810-1861) Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire
Realpolitik
Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.
Levee en Masse
The French policy of conscripting all males into the army. This created a new type of military force based upon mass participation and a fully mobilized economy.
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
Klemens von Metternich
This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression
Anti-Semitism
Prejudice against Jews
Dreyfus Affair
1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Coincidentally a jew. Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island. After 10 years there he was given a full pardon by President Loubet
Immigration
Migration to a new location
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Wealth of Nations
This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.
Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.
Laissez-faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
Frederick Engels
He coauthored The Communist Manifesto (1848), after which they continued to write about the need for and work toward socialist changes. He was born in Germany in 1820 but lived most of his life in England.
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Communist Manifesto
This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Spinning Jenny
A machine that could spin several threads at once. Invented by James Hargreaves
Flying Shuttle
was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand
Power Loom
a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side with the spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles
James Hargreaves
invented the spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright
Invented the water frame
Eli Whitney
Invented the cotton gin
Henry Ford
1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.
Interchangeable parts
uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces
Mass production
Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
Steam engine
an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power. Invented by James Watt
James Watt
Invented the steam engine
Crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Seed drill
created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields
Fossil fuel
Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.
Coal
a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel.
Steel
A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.
George Stephenson
English railway pioneer who built the first passenger railway in 1825 (1781-1848)
Railroad
a track or set of tracks made of steel rails along which passenger and freight trains run.
Transcontinental Railroad
Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
Second Industrial Revolution
Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.
Bessemer Process
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.
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