patho exam 1

ch 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 46

The definition of health varies based on…

Location, culture, background, family dynamics, and genetics

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes

When does disease develop?

When significant changes occur in the body and homeostasis cannot be maintained

What is pathophysiology?

The study of abnormal physiologic function in a living individual derived from poorly functioning basic bodily components

What is etiology?

Causes of phenomena

What is pathogenesis?

Development of disease

What are clinical manifestations?

How pathologies in the body present

Etiology identifies…

Causal factors that, acting together, provoke a particular disease or injury

What are the classifications of etiology?

Idiopathic and iatrogenic

Idiopathic means…

The cause of an illness is unknown

Iatrogenic means…

The cause of an illness results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment

What are the types of etiologic risk factors?

Modifiable and non modifiable

What are risk factors?

A factor that, when present, increases the likelihood of disease

What are the three categories of clinical manifestation?

Signs, symptoms, and syndrome

In terms of clinical manifestation, what are signs?

Objective manifestation of disease

Give an example of a sign of a clinical manifestation.

Vital signs

In terms of clinical manifestation, what are symptoms?

Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body

Give an example of a symptom of a clinical manifestation.

Nausea, tiredness

In terms of clinical manifestation, what is a syndrome?

The cause for signs and symptoms has not yet been determined

What are some ways you can obtain pathophysiologic information?

Research, health history, and assessment

What are some factors that can change what is “normal” for health?

Culture, age, and sex

Situational differences can be…

Abnormal or an adaptation

What are the three levels of prevention?

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

Describe the primary level of prevention.

Maintain health and prevent disease development

What is an example of primary prevention?

Getting vaccinated

Describe the secondary level of prevention.

Stop/slow progression of a disease that is subclinical

What is an example of secondary prevention?

Screenings and BP medication

What does subclinical mean?

Relating to a disease that is not severe enough to present definite symptoms

Describe the tertiary level of prevention.

Managing existing conditions to prevent further issues

What is an example of tertiary prevention?

Stroke rehab

What are the stages of disease?

Exposure to infectious agent, incubation, prodromal, latent/silent, acute, and convalescence

What is prophylaxis?

Action taken to prevent a specific disease

What is an acute condition?

Sudden and often severe short-lived illnesses

What is a chronic condition?

An illness that usually develops over a long period of time, persist for months or years, and may not have a cure

What is a precipitating factor?

An event or trigger that acts as the immediate cause for a condition

What does sequela mean?

A condition that is the consequence of a previous disease or injury

What is an example of a sequelae?

Losing taste after having COVID

What is a prognosis?

How likely an outcome is for a certain diagnosis

What is morbidity?

The state of having an illness or condition

Are morbidity and mortality rates the same thing?

No, morbidity is how many people have the condition, mortality is how many people die from it

What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

An epidemic is an outbreak in a certain community, while a pandemic is widespread disease

What is an example of a communicable disease?

COVID

What is an example of a non communicable disease?

Cancer

What is a reportable/notifiable disease?

Diseases that are of great importance and must be reported by the government upon diagnosis

What is some examples of a reportable/notifiable disease?

Cancer, HIV/AIDS, and meningitis

What is epidemiology?

The study of the patterns of a disease involving populations

Epidemiology examines…

Mortality, transmission, etc

What are the patterns of disease distribution?

Endemic, epidemic, and pandemic

What is an endemic disease?

A disease that is native to a local region and is reliably present in a particular location

What is an epidemic disease?

Rapid and unanticipated increase of disease cases that spreads to many people at the same time

What is a pandemic disease?

Exponential spread to large geographic areas that affects multiple countries

What are some factors that can affect patterns of disease distribution?

Age, ethnic group, sex, socioeconomic status, and geographic location

What occurs in the incubation stage?

The pathogen first enters the body and multiplies; you are not yet sick, but you can be contagious

What occurs in the prodromal stage?

General, nonspecific signs and symptoms of illness begin to appear

What occurs in the latent/silent stage?

The period of time that starts with exposure and ends when symptoms first appear

What occurs in the acute phase?

Initial, rapid bodily response to infection; may experience things like fever and lethargy; specific signs and symptoms appear

What occurs in the convalescence stage?

Recovery from infection; symptoms start to disappear; can take a long time

What is atrophy?

Decrease in cellular size due to ischemia, reduction of nutrients, disuse, and persistent injury

What is hypertrophy?

Increase in cell size in response to mechanical stimuli, generally due to increased protein content

What is hyperplasia?

Increase in cell number due to increased mitotic rate

What can cause hyperplasia?

Physiologic demands or pathological issues (persistent injury or irritation)

What is metaplasia?

Reversible replacement of a mature cell type with another that is better suited to tolerate injury

What is an example of metaplasia?

Untreated GERD as the throat tries to adapt to the acid

What is dysplasia/atypical hyperplasia?

Abnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature cells; cells are disorganized and poorly differentiated

What type of cell adaptation has a cancer risk?

Dysplasia

What are preneoplastic lesions?

In dysplasia, these lesions have significant potential to transform into cancerous cells

What is hypoxia?

A condition in which the body does not have enough oxygen

What is a noxious insult?

A harmful injury

In terms of cell injury, what is the difference between a reversible cell injury and an adaptation?

Reversible: Cell can revert back to normal function

Adaptation: Cell has structural changes to survive in the new environment (reversible for the most part)

What happens when a cell receives a noxious insult that cannot be adapted to or repaired?

Apoptosis or necrosis

What is hydropic swelling?

When the cell swells due to water accumulation

What is the first manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury?

Hydropic swelling

Give an example of a reversible cell injury.

Na/K pump malfunction

Any injury that results in loss of ATP will also result in…

Swelling

Ischemia or toxic injury leads to…

Necrosis

What is a result of necrosis?

Inflammation

Apoptosis occurs in response to an injury that…

Does not directly kill the cell

Does apoptosis produce inflammation?

No

What is the purpose of the Fas ligand?

Extracellular signal that binds to the cell and triggers an apoptotic cascade

In response to severe cell damage, what increases and results in apoptosis?

p53

What is the main component of p53?

Caspases

What are two external messengers that can result in apoptosis?

FAS ligand and TNF receptor

What is the second line of bodily defense?

Inflammation

What are the body’s primary defenses?

Skin and mucous membranes

Is inflammation an innate response to injury?

Yes; occurs regardless of type of injury

Does the presence of inflammation always indicate infection?

No

Conditions associated with inflammation usually end in…

Itis

During inflammation, mast cells release _____________ such as…

Vasoactive chemicals; histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes

How do mast cells facilitate an adaptive response?

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, recruitment and emigration of leukocytes, and phagocytosis of antigens/debris

What are some purposes of inflammation?

Neutralize and destroy invading and harmful agents, limit spread of harmful antigens and tissue, limits the scope of the inflammatory response, prepare damaged tissue for repair, and facilitate adaptive immunity

What is acute inflammation? How long does it last?

Short, immediate response to an event that lasts less than 2 weeks

What is chronic inflammation? How long does it last?

Widespread inflammation that occurs over a very long period of time and can result in scar tissue or deformity

What are some localized signs of inflammation?

Rubor, edema, calor, dalor, function loss, and exudate

What does rubor mean?

Redness

What does calor mean?

Heat

What does dalor mean?

Pain

What is exudate?

Drainage

Exudate can come in many forms. What are they?

Serous, serosanguinous, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic

What does serous mean?

Watery

What does fibrinous mean?

Thick