BIO II exam 1 Thomas Holder MSSTATE

What is taxonomy? -

science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses.

What is systematics?

study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern

What are taxonomy groups based on?

hypothesis regarding evolutionary relationships derived from systematic

What is the highest level

domain

What are the successive levels within taxonomy called?

taxon

What makes up the prokaryotic domains?

Bacteria and Archae

What makes up the Eukaryotic Domains?

Kingdom protista,kingfom fungi, kingdom plantae, and kingdom Animalia

What are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotic (lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles; very simple) and Eukaryotic (true nucleus, well defined nucleus, membrane bound organelles - internal membrane system (compartments

What is binomial nomenclature?

Genus name and Specific Epithet

How is binomial nomenclature written?

Genus name capitalized, specific epithet never capitalized. Both names underlined or italicized.

Who proposed binomial nomenclature and when?

Cadus Linnaeus in 1753

What is phylogeny?

evolutionary history of a species or group of species.

What are phylogenic trees usually based on?

morphological or genetic data.

What is a phylogenic tree?

A diagram that describes phylogeny. A hypotheses of evolutionary relationships among various species based on available information.

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Any process in which an organism incorportates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

What is vertical evolution?

change in groups due to descent from a common ancestor

What are some examples of prokaryotic diversity?

3.5 billion years ago, modern prokaryotes are most abundant and lack sexual reproduction, Domain bacteria, proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, domain Archaea, specialized membranes, surrounded by wall with murmamic acid

What does probeobacteria mean

true bacteria

What does cyanobacteria mean?

blue green bacteria

hat are some examples of Eukaryotic diversity?

Kingdom protista, earliest eukaryotes in fossil record, most are microscopic and found in moist environments, DNA - many separate groups

What is algae?

Plant like, 10 groups, autotrophic - most are photosynthetic; few ingest food, unicellularlar through large multicellular, cell wall w/ cellulose,

What are protozoans?

animal like organisms, most heterotrophic (ingest feeding)

What are fungal like protist?

Mostly saprotrophic (absorb feeding), mostly multicellular

What are some examples of Eukaryotic Diversity?

Natures 'recyclers', body is mycelium, fruiting body - site of spore production, cell wall - composed of chitin/.

What are examples of plant diversity?

333,000 species, eukaryotic and multicellular, mostly autotrophic, capture sunlight by photosynthesis, cell wall — cellulose, photosynthetic pigments — chlrohphylls a and b, beta carotene.

What is the most abundant carbohydrate?

cellulose

What is kingdom plantae referred to as?

land plants

Brophytes characteristics

reproduce by spores (no seeds), non vascular plants - lack conducting tissues (xylem and phloem), require external H20 for reproduction

Brophytes made up

phylum hepatophyta (liveworts), phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts), phylum Brophyta (mosses)

Pteridophytes made up

Phylum Lycopodiophyta (lycophytes), Phylum Pteridophyta (ferns and allies)

Pteridophytes characteristics

reproduce by spores (no seeds), vascular plants - contain tissues xylem (conducts water/minerals) and phloem (conducts food/solutes), true roots/stems/leaves due to vascularized, vascularized tissue allow for large size, require external H20 for reporduction, some get up to 30 meters long.

Gymnosperms make up

Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads), Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) , Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes), Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)

What are bryophytes often referred to as?

mosses and their allies'

What are Pteridophytes often referred to as?

'ferns and relatives'

What are gymnosperms often referred to as?

'naked seeds'

Gymnosperms characteristics

biggest group are conifers, vascular plants - contain conducting tissues xylem and phloem, but is more advanced that Pteridphytes.

Gymnosperms seeds

advanced character - not enclosed inside a structure. Seed has 'survival value'

Gymnosperm contains the following and reproduces like....

embryo, stored food, integument. Does not require external H20 for reproduction - pollen tube delivers sperm to egg location

Angiosperms make up

Phylum Anthophyta

Angiosperms produce -

flowers, fruits, most advance vascular tissues and seeds

Angiosperm seeds -

advanced character: Seed is enclosed in a vessel (fruit). Seed has 'survival value'

Angiosperm contains the follow:

embryo, stored food, 2 integuments

Angiosperm reproduction

Does NOT require external H2O for reproduction—pollen tube delivers sperm to egg location

Animal diversity -

over 1.5 million species, 35 phylums, more similarity within animal genomes than other groups.

Animal characteristics -

Multicellular, Lack Cell Wall, Sexual Reproduction w/ mobile, small sperm and larger, non-motile egg, Nervous tissue - complexity, Hox Genes- (all animals have hox genes), Heterotrophic

Metazoans means

multicellular anima

Parazoans are

sponges

Eumetazoans are

true multicellular animals

What are the two groups of metazoans?

Parazoans and Eumetazoans.

Morphological and Developmental features

body symmetry, number of tissue layers, and patterns of embryonic development.

Radiata (radically symmetric)

can be divided equally by any longerudinal plane to produce to halves. Often circular or tubular in shape, with a mouth at one end.

Bilateria (bilaterally symmetric)

can be divided along a vertical plane to produce two halves, have cephalization and dorsal and ventral sides, have anterior and posterior ends.

Metazoa

divided based on wether they have specialized tissues. All animals.

Parazoa

without specialized tissues or organs. Porifera (sponges). May have distinct cell types.

Eumetazoa

More than one type of tissue and organs. All other animals.

Germ layers

radiata and bilateral differ in number of embryonic cell layers (germ layers)

How many germ layers do Radiata have? -

2 layers (dipoblastic)

How many germ layers do Bilateria have?

3 layers (tripoclastic)

When do cell layers develop?

during gastrulation

Inner layer of germ cells

endoderm

Outer layer of germ cells -

ectoderm

Mesoderm

3rd layer in bilateral animals.

Mesoderm's functions

forms muscles and most other organs

Protosome

Blastopore becomes mouth. Cleavage is determinate. Fate of embryonic cells is determined early on.

Deuterostome

Blastopore becomes anus. Cleavage is indeterminate. Each cell produced by early cleavage can develop into a complete embryo.

In the past, an absence of what two things were used in construction of phylogenies?

A coelom or body segmentation

Are Coelom or Body segmentation reliable in terms of understanding evolutionary history?

no

What are Coelom and body segmentation useful for?

Describing differences in animal structure

Coelom

fluid-filled body cavity

Eucoelomate body cavity

true coelom; coelom completely lined with mesoderm

Pseudocoelomate

Coelom only partially lined with mesoderm; rotifers, roundworms

Acoelomate

lack a body cavity and instead have mesenchyme (flat worms)

Functions of coelom

cushions internal organs, enables movement and growth of internal organs independent of the body wall, fluid acts as a simple circulatory system

Segmentation

body may be divided into regions called segments;

What species does segmentation occur in?

occurs in annelid worms, arthropods, and chordates.

What does segmentation allow?

allows specialization of body regions.

How to scientists now classify animals?

molecular techniques

How do scientist use molecular techniques to classify animals?

Compare similarities in DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences; closely related organisms have fewer differences the those more distantly related.

What is the advantage over using molecular rather than morphological data?

advantage over morphological data in that genetic sequences are easier to quantity and compare. Morphological data are more subjective.

What is typically focused on when using molecular systematics?

studies often focus on RNA (rRNA); universal in all organisms; changes slowly overtime.

How genes are studied in what?

genes used in molecular systematics. They are used because they are found in all animals, duplecations in these genes may have led to evolution of complex body forms.

How are phylogenies constructed?

using rRNA and Hox.

Phylum Profiera -

Sponges, Lack Tissues (organs), Multicellular, pores' - filter H2O and food

Phylum Cnidaria

ellyfishes, corals, anemones -, Diploblastic development - 2 tissue layers, endoderm and ectoderm), Mesoglea - gelatinous covering, Nerve net - interconnected nerve cells, no brain, 1 opening w/ gastrovascular cavity, Protostome

Phylum Ctenophora

Comb Jellies, Diploblastic development - 2 tissue layers, (endoderm and ectoderm), Mesoglea - gelatinous covering, Nerve net - interconnected nerve cells, no brain, 1 opening w/ gastrovascular cavity, Protostomes

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms, Flukes, Tapeworms, Triploblastic development - 3 tissue layers - (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm), Organs and organ systems, Enhanced nerve net w/ 2 cerebral ganglia, 1 opening w/ gastrovascular cavity, Protostomes

Phylum Rotifera

Rotifers-,Pseudocoelomate, Triploblastic dev., Complete gut tract - alimentary canal, Protostomes, 'corona', Simple Brain

Phylum Mollusca

Snails, Slugs, Oysters, Octopus, Squid; Triploblastic, Eucoelomate, Complete gut tract, Protostomes

Phylum Annelida

Segmented/ringed worms, Triploblastic, Eucoelomate, Complete gut tract, Protostomes, Enhanced nervous system

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms, Triploblastic, Pseudocoelomate, Complete gut tract, Protostomes

Phylum Arthropoda

Insects, crustaceans, spiders, ticks, Highest Species Diversity of Animals - probably over 1.5 million species, Hardened exoskeleton, Eucoelomate, Complete gut tract, Protostomes , Enhanced nervous system - Insects, in particular, have enhanced brain, Segmented appendages

Phylum Echinodermata

Sea Stars, Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, Sand Dollars, Triploblastic, Eucoelomate, Complete Gut Tract, Deuterostomes, Simple Nervous System, Endoskeleton - series of plates

Phylum Chordata

Deuterostomes, Complete gut tract, Endoskeleton, Few invertebrates, mostly vertebrates, 4 Critical Innovations of the Chordate Body Design

4 Critical Innovations of the Chordate Body Design -

1. notochord, 2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord, 3. Pharyngeal gill pouches, 4. Postanal tail: these 4 features are exhibited at some point of life/history development

Do all fish exhibit the 4 features of Chordata body design in some stage of life/histosry?

no

Notochord

Cartilagenous supporting rod along dorsal axis; Replaced by jointed 'backbone' (vertebral column of hardened cartilage or bone)

Dorsal, hollow nerve chord

Expanded at anterior end (=brain); Enclosed/supported/protected by vertebral column and/or notochord

Pharyngeal gill pouches

Pharynx - back of mouth cavity

Postanal tail

tail extends posterior of anus

Humans with the 4 characteristics of Chordata body design

Notochord- replaced by a series of bony elements (vertebrate); only pieces left are the intervertebravlral discs between vertebrae; Nerve chord - dorsal/hollow w largest brain capacity; Pharyngeal - embryonic dev; 1 pair retained as eustachian tubes; postanal tail - 1 vertebra as tail bone