American History Final

Indentured Servitude

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

the Sumner affair

Violence erupts in Congress over the issue of slavery when Charles Sumner's speech attacks pro-slavery supporters like Andrew Butler and his nephew Preston Brooks retaliates. Represents how heated and divisive the issue of slavery had become

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Tobacco

Cash crop in Jamestown

Sugar act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Stamp act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

colonial smuggling

This was the primary way in which English colonists avoided paying British taxes on importation of goods.

tea act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Sons of liberty

secret society formed to oppose British policies in Boston

2nd Continental Congress

Congress of American leaders which first met in 1775, declared independence in 1776, and helped lead the United States during the Revolution

Saratoga

A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British

Yorktown

Last battle of the war of independence in 1789 where the British surrendered.

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

Anti-federalists

people who opposed the Constitution and feared tyranny

Alien act

authorized the deportation of foreigners

Sedition act

made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific

Monroe Doctrine

Protect freedom in the Americas; stay out of war in Europe

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands

Manifest Destiny

the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Gold

Why did people settle in California (49ers)?

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Gag Rule

a rule limiting or preventing debate on an issue

Wilmont Proviso

Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Compromise of 1850

Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people and people have the right to revolt and reform the government

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery

Republican Party

anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery

South Carolina

First state to secede from the Union

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Emancipation

the freeing of slaves

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, abolitionist

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

George McClellan

union general, 1st commander, overly cautious, fired by Lincoln

Ulysses S. Grant

a Union general and the eighteenth President of the United States

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army

Fort Sumter

First battle of the Civil War

Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War

Antietam

the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties.

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Lincoln's 10% plan

when 10% of voters in southern states pledged allegiance to U.S. it would become part of union

Radical Republicans

Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

A bill passed by Congress in March 1866 as a measure against the Black Codes to reinforce black rights to citizenship. It was vetoed by Johnson and was later passed as the 14th Amendment.

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims for religious freedom

Taxation without representation

the idea that it is unfair to tax someone without giving them a voice (vote) in government

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Boston Tea Party

protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into boston harbor

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence

Federalist debate

Constitution would have the power to establish a secure union. would correct the articles, would not endanger states or civil liberties, separation of national institutions would empower and and restrict federal government

8th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

George Washington

What president was a war hero, presided over constitutional convention, symbol of power, well known, strong personality, self doubt, and soldier, making him the only true choice?

George Washington's Farewell Address

Advised the United States to avoid "accumulating debt", forming political parties, and to stay "neutral in its relations with other nations".

neutrality

Washington promoted _____________ when deality with foreign affairs

XYZ affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who tried to unite Native American tribes

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service; cause of the War of 1812

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Samuel Slater

He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Increase

Did the cotton gin increase or decrease the need for slavery?

North

Did the North or South have more railroads, resources, factories, and a better economy?

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

South

Who did not like the Protective Tariffs?

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Cash Crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

Henry Clay

The Great Compromiser

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

true

true or false: President Jackson vetoed renewal of National Bank.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

David Walker's Appeal

advocating a black rebellion to crush slavery.

James Polk

11th President of the United States from Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration

Lincoln

What president found the start of the Mexican American War unclear?

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Thomas Jackson

Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south