quick clinical manifestations (DKA,HHNKS,LA)

signs of DKA

BG 250-300 mg/dL, HCO3 0-15 mEq/L, pH < 7.3, BUN < 25, osmolality < 320, PCO2 < 35 mmHg

symptoms of DKA

polyuria and dehydration, dizziness, blurred vision, confusion, drowsiness, rapid deep breathing, flushed/hot/dry skin, nausea, abdominal pain, excessive thirst

signs of HHNKS

BG > 600 mg/dL, HCO3 > 20 mEq/L, pH < 7.3, BUN > 30, osmolality > 330, ketones almost always NOT present

symptoms of HHNKS

glycosuria, polyuria, fever, dry mouth, excessive thirst, sleepiness, confusion, hallucinations, vision loss, convulsions, coma

signs of LA

acidotic (pH < 7.35), lactic acid elevated (>2.0 mmol/L), SCr and BUN usually indicate acute renal failure

symptoms of LA

abdominal pain, anxiety, fatigue, weakness, irregular heart rate, lethargy, N±V, tachypnea, tachycardia, SOB