AMSCO Unit 3.1

What are the four Gunpowder Empires?

Russia, Ottomans, Safavid, Mughal

Why did the Gunpowder Empires craft artist and architectural legacies?

To reflect legitimacy of their rulers.

What was unique about Europe's expansion compared to the Gunpowder Empires?

It involved an even wider exchange network with transoceanic connections to America.

What significant event occurred in 1450?

The ending of the medieval period.

What events signaled the beginning of the early modern period in the mid-1450s?

The end of plagues, conclusion of the Hundred Years' War, and invention of the Gutenberg printing press.

What did monarchies in Europe in 1450 want to control?

Taxes, army, aspects of religion.

Which social class was becoming more powerful in Europe?

Middle class.

Which two regions influenced Russia?

Central Asia (Mongols) and Europe (Vikings).

How did Ivan IV extend the border of Russia Eastward?

By taking control of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.

What did Russia's expansion depend on?

The use of gunpowder.

Who were the Cossacks?

Peasant warriors that fought local tribes and the Siberian khan.

Why did Russia want to control the Volga River?

To trade with Persia and the Ottoman Empire without dealing with Crimean Tartars.

What religion did Russian missionaries want to convert Siberian tribes to?

Eastern Orthodox.

Where did the Russian Empire extend to by 1639?

East as far as the Pacific Ocean.

What was the result of the Ming Dynasty's establishment?

Increased protection from the North.

Who established the Qing Dynasty?

Manchu.

What caused China to rebuild the Great Wall?

To keep out invaders from the North.

What was significant about Emperor Kangxi's rule?

He presided over a period of stability and expansion, incorporating Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia.

What was notable about Emperor Qianlong's rule?

He expanded into lands west of China, leading to annexation of Xinjiang.

What was the result of the expansion efforts by China?

They needed funds, leading to limited trading privileges sold to European powers.

What was the result of the uprising by the White Lotus Society?

The killing of 100,000 peasants.

What did the Gunpowder Empires have in common?

They descended from Turkic nomads, spoke a Turkic language, and relied on gunpowder weapons.

Who was Tamerlane?

A Mongol Turkic ruler who conquered Persia and India.

How did the Ghazi Ideal help the Gunpowder Empires grow?

It served as a model for warrior life and willingness to serve as holy fighters for Islam.

Where was the Ottoman Empire located?

Extending into modern-day Turkey, the Balkans, parts of Africa, and Southeast Asia.

Why is the Ottoman Empire significant?

A single dynasty controlled the empire for more than 600 years.

What was the significance of the capital city of the Ottoman Empire?

It controlled the Bosporus Strait, linking the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea.

What was the relationship between the Ottomans and Venice?

Mehmed II forced Venice to pay a yearly tax.

What led to the eventual fall of the Ottoman Empire?

Challenges in defending territory against foreign invasions and occupation.

What was the origin of the Safavid Empire?

Sufism.

What two problems did the Safavid Empire face?

Lacked a real navy and natural defenses.

How did Europe assist the Safavid Empire?

Europeans advised on military technology.

What caused tension between the Safavid and Ottoman Empires?

Religious differences (Sunni vs. Shia) and control over trade routes.

What was significant about the Mughal Empire?

It was a 300-year dynasty founded during a time of disarray in India.

What goods were imported and exported in the Mughal Empire?

Imported: gold and silver; Exported: textiles, tropical foods, spices, precious stones.

What were the Hindu castes?

Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras.

Why did the Gunpowder Empires decline?

They did not modernize while Russia did, leading to a decline in strength.

What were 'Harem Politics'?

Efforts by wives and concubines of the sultan to promote their children as heirs.