AP HUG Unit 3

1. culture

a group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people EX) Makan American Indians who hunt whales

2. folk/local culture

how a group of people in a place that see themselves and share customs/traits. OR a small culture that incorporates a homogeneous population that is typically rural and cohesive in cultural traits.

3. popular culture

large culture that incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quick changing traits. ex. spread of memes via social media

4. material culture

the things a group of people construct, including homes, clothing, sports, dance, and foods.

5. nonmaterial culture

beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people. EX) Hutterites value marrying within their religion

6. cultural appropriation

the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit EX) People not of the culture getting henna tattoos

7. ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods where people from similar cultures live together and assert cultural distinction from the dominant group

8. Distance Decay

How quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication

9. time-space compression

explains how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication

10. hierarchical diffusion

can occur through a hierarchy of places. The hearth is the point of origin. Large cities to smaller ones (trickles down)

11. contagious diffusion

idea spreads from person to person EX) word of mouth

12. stimulus diffusion

when an exact idea can't be adopted in a certain area (due to cultural barriers, etc.) leading to altering of the idea. It is a stimulus for newer ideas. EX) non-meat burgers at McDonald's in India

13. relocation diffusion

when individuals who have adopted the idea move to new places and disseminate it. The hearth loses strength in the idea and the places the individuals move to gain strength in it. EX) Buddhism started in India, but now has more followers in Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar

14. assimilation

the process of making indigenous people adopt the dominant culture and abandon their own culture. EX) US wanted to assimilate Native Americans in the 18 and 1900s.

15. acculturation

the process of making indigenous people adopt the dominant culture and abandon their own culture EX) People learning English in the US

16. cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape

17. sequent occupance

Cultural imprints made over top of each other, each affect the next, have a lasting imprint

18. placelessness

the loss of uniqueness in place in the cultural landscape to the point that one place looks like the next

19. traditional architecture

use building materials that are available and reflect social/environmental customs of the people

20. sense of place

made by the emotions and memories attached to a place. Changes as we and the place change.

21. ethnicity

an identity based on being bounded or related to a certain place over time EX) Latino, Hispanic

22. dialect

a variant of a standard language along regional or ethnic liens. Made of differences in pronunciation, cadence, and pace. EX) Southern-English

23. isogloss

a geographic boundary in which a particular linguistic feature occurs. Rarely a simple line. EX) the lines of which American dialects are fuzzy

24. lingua franca

a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. Today this is mostly English.

25. pidgin language

when people speaking 2 or more languages are in contact and they combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary EX) the first widely known pidgin language is the Frankish language, a mix of Frank tongue with Italian, Greek, Spanish, and Arabic for trade on eastern Mediterranean with Southern Franks.

26. creole language

a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and a vocabulary and has become a native language of a group of people EX) Swahili and when a colonizer's language mixes with the native language

27. toponyms

place names. often refer to social progress in the area. May impact how people view the place. Dominated by 10 themes: descriptive, commendatory, possession, commemorative, associative, incidents, possession, folk, manufactured, mistakes, shift. EX) "Mount Prospect" and "Mount Misery"

28. monotheistic religions

Worship one god

29. polytheistic religion

worship more than one deity

30. universalizing religions

actively seek converts because they view themselves as offering belief systems of universal appeal

31. ethnic religion

A religion typically tied to a specific culture or place

32. Hinduism

Originated in South Asia near the Indus River Valley. 3rd largest religion with no single founder. Sacred river is the Ganges; main god is Brahman with other gods as expressions of Brahman. Guided by the Vedas (holy book).

33. Sikhism

created by interaction of Hinduism and Islam. Didn't like worship of idols and caste system in Hinduism. EX) wear turbans and forbid hair-cutting

34. Buddhism

came from Hinduism as a question to its teachings (caste system). 2 branches comes by appeal to holy sources of merit) and Theravada (Salvation is personal matter achieved by good behavoir and being monk or nun). EX) Theravada- Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia. Mahayana- Vietnam Korea, Japan, and China

35. Judaism

grew out of the beliefs of Jews, a nomadic semetic tribe in SW Asia. Based off teachings of Abraham. In Middle East, N Africa, Russia, Ukraine, Europe, and N and S America. Monotheistic.

36. Christianity

single founder (Jesus), split from Judaism, monotheistic, first split and Eastern Orthodox. Emperor Diocletian split empire eventually leading to separate denominations. Last branch, Protestant (came from Catholic)

37. Islam

founded by Muhammad, Qu'ran, Allah, monotheistic, 5 pillars, pilgrimage to Mecca/hajj. EX) Most Muslims are in Indonesia

38. sacred sites/sacred space

places people infuse with religious meaning (reverence or fear). If infused with reverence, a pilgrimage may be made to the place.

39. centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

40. centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

41. Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

42. Imperialism

variety of ways that another country can influence another

43. Colonialism

a type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country