Chapter 17: Religion, Politics, and the balance of power in Western Eurasia.

What did the Ottomans add to the Sultans domains in the 16th century?

The Ottomans added Palestine, Syria, Arabia, Iraq and much of Hungary to the Sultans domains.

The Ottomans conquered all West African countries along the coast except:

Morocco, which remained the only significant Arab-ruled Kingdom.

What are Janissaries?

Janissaries are slave soldiers who were recruited from conquered Christian lands and trained as professional soldiers.

How did the Ottomans discover how to incorporate dozens of different communities into their empire who each had diverse religious and legal traditions?

They used different languages for different parts of their society. Turkish was the language of administration and military command, Arabic was the language of theology and philosophy and Persian was the language of poetry and the arts.

What was the Ottomans view on religion?

They were tolerant. They did not impose a single legal system on existing cultural and religious traditions.

Who defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571?

The Spanish defeated the Ottomans in the battle of Lepanto in 1571.

What gave the Europeans and the Safavids a starting point for cooperation?

Their mutual antipathy towards the Ottomans gave the Europeans and the Safavids a starting point for cooperation.

What is the Safavid Dynasty?

The Safavid Dynasty is a Dynasty that established Shiite Islam as the state religion in Iran and challenged the powerful Ottoman Empire.

Who founded the Safavid Dynasty?

A man named Ismail who forced his subjects to adopt Shi'ite Islam.

What is the main difference between Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims?

The main difference between Sunni and Shi'ite Muslim is their view on who should descend Mohammed.

Who is Abbas I?

Abbas I is the greatest Safavid ruler who created a long and stable reign, beautified the capital city of Isfahan, promoted foreign trade, and repelled Ottoman invaders.

In what ways did the Safavid economy blossom under Abbas I rule?

During Abbas I reign, new irrigation works for supporting agriculture, new markets for handcrafts, and a pilgrim trade bringing visitors to the holy sites of Shi'ite Islam.

Ivan the III was passionate about showing his connection to what? How did he do this?

Ivan III wanted to make an explicit connection between his own power and the Byzantine legacy. He called himself Tsar and declared that Russia would defend orthodox Christian heritage.

Why was Ivan III known as Ivan the terrible during his last few years?

Ivan III was known for his random acts of cruelty in his last years.

What is a large distinction between Russia and the surrounding Dynasties?

Russia used peasants as serfs (slaves). The oppressive conditions of serfdom in Russia contrasted with developments in Western Europe, where serfdom had either disappeared altogether or peasant obligations were becoming less burdensome.

What lessened the power of Hapsburg?

Conflict with the Ottoman Empire was the main one, although the rising power of England and France also played a crucial role.

During what period did the stability of the Hapsburg, France and England empires decline?

The mid-seventeenth century, but France and England both gained stability

Why did France and England decline?

A civil war was going on in England and France, and devastating war violence was brought to Central Europe.

What is a positive thing about conquering Russia?

A large territorial buffer zone around the core Russian lands to protect them from invasion would become a perennial element of Russian imperial policy.

Who was Charles I and what is one thing that aided in his success as a monarch?

Charles I was the ruler of Spain from 1516 to 1556. He has connections to Spain, The Hapsburg, and the Netherlands which tied him to one of the most dynamic commercial economies in the world, making him successful.

Why weren't the Hapsburg able to create political unity in Western Europe?

The French were too powerful a rival in the West while Ottoman powers challenged Hapsburg rule. Along with this, the Protestant uprising also brought much conflict within the empire.

What did Charles I do after he abdicated his throne and retired to the monastery?

He split his inheritance between his brother Ferdinand who took control of the Hapsburg Cantrell European domains and his son Philip, who became king of Spain.

What did Spain accomplish under Philip II's rule?

They defeated the Ottomans in the battle of Lepanto in 1571, and were able to take the Philippines under Spanish control.

What did Phillip regard the Calvinists as?

Heretics, for whenever he tried to seize their property, they armed themselves in self defense.

What religion was England?

Protestant.

What is the thirty years war?

The Thirty Years war is a series of wars fought by various European Powers on German-Speaking lands. Began as a competition between catholic and Lutheran rulers and was complicated by the dynastic and strategic interests of Europes Major powers.

What Military weapon was beginning to become more prominent in Europe in the 17th century?

Gunpowder.

Who are the Huguenots?

The Huguenot are the name the French gave to protestants.

Who is Cardinal Richelieu?

An influential advisor to the French kings. he centralized the administrative system of the French state.

Who is Louis XIV?

The king that established a firm control over the French state. He aggressively pursued military domination of Europe while patronizing the French arts from his court at Versailles.

What is the Edict of Nantes?

A edict issued in 1598 granting limited toleration of Protestants, King Louis revoked it.

What was King Louis hoping to achieve by intolerance of protestants?

He was hoping to weaken Spain and Austria and position France as the worlds dominant catholic power.

How did the English civil war start?

The English civil war began in 1642-1649 and was brought in by disputes between Charles I and the Parliament, the climax of his attempts to centralize royal power.

What is Royal absolutism? Who started it?

Royal absolutism is when all power is directed towards the king. King Louis XIV started it in England.

Who are Puritans?

Puritans are 17th century reformers of the Church of England who attempted to Purge the church of all Catholic influences. They were Calvinists who emphasized modesty, Bible reading, simplicity and the rejection of priestly authority and elaborate rituals.

Where did power shift from and to between 1650 and 1750?

Power shifted from Prussia, England, France and England to Northern and Western Europe including Imperial Russia whose empire continues to expand to the south and east.

How did the Safavids decline?

By the late 1600s, corruption and poor leadership were already weakening the Safavids. Political instability is what led to their decline by 1747.

What was happening to the Ottomans while the Safavids were declining?

Ottoman administrative reforms created stronger institutional leadership in both civilian and military affairs.

What reforms did Peter the Great bring to Russia?

He established the city of St.Petersburg and ordered Russian nobles to shave off their beards so as to keep up with the latest European trends.

What reforms did Peter the Great bring to the Russian millitary?

He established a regular standing army larger than any in Europe and bought the latest military technology from the west while trying to create self-sufficiency in their own production of guns, ships and cannons.

What countries were competing for global supremacy by the 18th century?

France, Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria. The Ottomans had declined after the Safavid dynasty fell in 1722.