Chemistry Exam

Organic Chemistry

Study of compounds containing carbon

Isomers

same molecular formula but different structural formulas

Structural formulas

how bonding relationships with atoms

Hydrocarbons

only atoms are hydrogen and carbon atoms

Functional group

group of atoms that give identifiable physical and chemical properties to any molecule in which they are found

Akane

A hydrocarbon having only single bonds between carbon atoms

Alkyne

A hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

Aromatic compound

an organic compound consisting of a cyclic structure with delocalized electrons

Delocalized

shared by more than two atoms

Substituted hydroc arbon

a hydrocarbon that has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced with different atoms or groups of atoms

Functional group

a group of atoms capable of replacing hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon

Alcohol

an organic compound with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by an -OH group

Carboxyl group

a functional group -COOH, found in carboxylic acids

Ester

a type of organic compound in which a hydrocarbon chain replaces the hydrogen atom of a carboxyl group

Polymer

huge organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules linked together

Monomer

any of the smaller molecules that are joined together to make up a polymer

Polymerization

the chemical process that produces polymers

Biochemistry

the study of the chemistry of living things

Carbohydrates

the compounds that provide most of the energy for living things and contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in about a 1

Sugar

any relatively small carbohydrate that contains up to about ten rings of atoms

Monosaccharide

any carbohydrate with only one ring of atoms per molecule

Starch

common polysaccharide used by plants for food storage

Glycogen

common polysaccharide used by animals and people for food storage

Glucose

a polysaccharide that forms the walls of plant cells and give plants and trees their rigid structure

Protein

a complex organic molecule used to build and maintain living cells

Amino acid

any of the substances that are the “building blocks” of proteins

Peptide bond

a type of chemical bond that links amino acids together into proteins

Globular protein

a type of protein that “folds up,” coiling in upon itself and locking into place when it reaches the proper shape

Lipids

a group of biological compounds characterized by insolubility in water

Fatty acid

a simple lipid molecule that resembles a rod of carbon and hydrogen atoms attached to a carboxylic acid “handle”

Fat

a molecule consisting of three faty acid “rods” with their “handles” attached to a single molecule of glycerol

Nucleic acid

any member of the important group of chemicals that contains the plans, or blueprints, that guide the construction of all proteins in the cell

DNA

the cell’s “master program”, a large molecule that contains the information of the cell

ane

What do the names of all alkanes end with

RNA

What has several different structures than DNA

MeV

mega electron volt 10 to the 6 electron volts

Lu

one atomic mass unit—931.5 MeV

Alpha decay

an unstable atom that ejects a clump of particle—helium ejected

Beta decay

electron emitted, increased by one

Gamma decay

releases gamma radiation, highest energy of electron radiation

Neutron radiation

releases neutrons (gamma and neutron can treat cancer)

Half-life

decay rate of a substance

Activity

amount of decay occurring in a radioactive substance

Becquerel

SI unit of activity

Nuclear fission

splitting of atom

Chain reaction

one split cause multiple splits, etc

Critical mass

amount and density of 235 U present

Nuclear reactor

device for safely initiating and controlling a fission chain reaction; uses a control chain reaction to produce energy

Enrichment

process of making uranium feasible so it could produce energy

Control rods

control reaction by absorbing some of the neutrons

Containment vessel

designed to prevent emission of radioactive material into the environment

Meltdown

core gets so hot it melts

Loss of coolant

accident in which there was a pipe rupture, pump failure, or other breakdown deprives the core of the coolant, possibly causing the core to overheat

Breeder reactors

generate power and recycle fuel; produces more fuel than it uses

Reprocessing

recycling nuclear fuel

Nuclear fusion

thermonuclear reactions; binding of energy per nucleon

Nuclear chemistry

study of reactions involving the nucleus

Radioactivity

isotopes of certain elements that continually emit invisible rays

Stable

stays the same

Unstable

have a tendency to spontaneously shed subatomic particles or otherwise break apart

Nuclear radiation

Anything that radiates from the Nucleus

Radioactive

tend to undergo nuclear decay and thereby emit nuclear radiation

Nuclide

a specific type of atom described by both its atomic number and mass number

Strong nuclear force

The force that binds the nucleus together

Radioactive decay

conversion of one nuclide into another in a spontaneous nuclear reaction

Nuclear mass defect

the mass of every atom is measurably less than the total mass of its individual particles

Law of conservation of matter and energy

matter and energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Nuclear binding energy

energy equivalent of the mass defect

Electron volt

kinetic energy gained by an electron when it is accelerated through 1 V of electrical potential.

Calcium carbonate

limestone—cement, gypsum, etc

Monoprotic

can only donate one hydrogen proton (HCL)

Diprotic

Can donate 2 Hydrogen protons (H2CO3)

Triprotic

can donate 3 hydrogen protons (H3PO4)

Polyprotic

can donate 2 or more hydrogen protons

Electrons

negative

Amino acids

make up protein