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Organic Chemistry
Study of compounds containing carbon
Isomers
same molecular formula but different structural formulas
Structural formulas
how bonding relationships with atoms
Hydrocarbons
only atoms are hydrogen and carbon atoms
Functional group
group of atoms that give identifiable physical and chemical properties to any molecule in which they are found
Akane
A hydrocarbon having only single bonds between carbon atoms
Alkyne
A hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Aromatic compound
an organic compound consisting of a cyclic structure with delocalized electrons
Delocalized
shared by more than two atoms
Substituted hydroc arbon
a hydrocarbon that has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced with different atoms or groups of atoms
Functional group
a group of atoms capable of replacing hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon
Alcohol
an organic compound with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by an -OH group
Carboxyl group
a functional group -COOH, found in carboxylic acids
Ester
a type of organic compound in which a hydrocarbon chain replaces the hydrogen atom of a carboxyl group
Polymer
huge organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules linked together
Monomer
any of the smaller molecules that are joined together to make up a polymer
Polymerization
the chemical process that produces polymers
Biochemistry
the study of the chemistry of living things
Carbohydrates
the compounds that provide most of the energy for living things and contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in about a 1
Sugar
any relatively small carbohydrate that contains up to about ten rings of atoms
Monosaccharide
any carbohydrate with only one ring of atoms per molecule
Starch
common polysaccharide used by plants for food storage
Glycogen
common polysaccharide used by animals and people for food storage
Glucose
a polysaccharide that forms the walls of plant cells and give plants and trees their rigid structure
Protein
a complex organic molecule used to build and maintain living cells
Amino acid
any of the substances that are the ābuilding blocksā of proteins
Peptide bond
a type of chemical bond that links amino acids together into proteins
Globular protein
a type of protein that āfolds up,ā coiling in upon itself and locking into place when it reaches the proper shape
Lipids
a group of biological compounds characterized by insolubility in water
Fatty acid
a simple lipid molecule that resembles a rod of carbon and hydrogen atoms attached to a carboxylic acid āhandleā
Fat
a molecule consisting of three faty acid ārodsā with their āhandlesā attached to a single molecule of glycerol
Nucleic acid
any member of the important group of chemicals that contains the plans, or blueprints, that guide the construction of all proteins in the cell
DNA
the cellās āmaster programā, a large molecule that contains the information of the cell
ane
What do the names of all alkanes end with
RNA
What has several different structures than DNA
MeV
mega electron volt 10 to the 6 electron volts
Lu
one atomic mass unitā931.5 MeV
Alpha decay
an unstable atom that ejects a clump of particleāhelium ejected
Beta decay
electron emitted, increased by one
Gamma decay
releases gamma radiation, highest energy of electron radiation
Neutron radiation
releases neutrons (gamma and neutron can treat cancer)
Half-life
decay rate of a substance
Activity
amount of decay occurring in a radioactive substance
Becquerel
SI unit of activity
Nuclear fission
splitting of atom
Chain reaction
one split cause multiple splits, etc
Critical mass
amount and density of 235 U present
Nuclear reactor
device for safely initiating and controlling a fission chain reaction; uses a control chain reaction to produce energy
Enrichment
process of making uranium feasible so it could produce energy
Control rods
control reaction by absorbing some of the neutrons
Containment vessel
designed to prevent emission of radioactive material into the environment
Meltdown
core gets so hot it melts
Loss of coolant
accident in which there was a pipe rupture, pump failure, or other breakdown deprives the core of the coolant, possibly causing the core to overheat
Breeder reactors
generate power and recycle fuel; produces more fuel than it uses
Reprocessing
recycling nuclear fuel
Nuclear fusion
thermonuclear reactions; binding of energy per nucleon
Nuclear chemistry
study of reactions involving the nucleus
Radioactivity
isotopes of certain elements that continually emit invisible rays
Stable
stays the same
Unstable
have a tendency to spontaneously shed subatomic particles or otherwise break apart
Nuclear radiation
Anything that radiates from the Nucleus
Radioactive
tend to undergo nuclear decay and thereby emit nuclear radiation
Nuclide
a specific type of atom described by both its atomic number and mass number
Strong nuclear force
The force that binds the nucleus together
Radioactive decay
conversion of one nuclide into another in a spontaneous nuclear reaction
Nuclear mass defect
the mass of every atom is measurably less than the total mass of its individual particles
Law of conservation of matter and energy
matter and energy can neither be created nor destroyed
Nuclear binding energy
energy equivalent of the mass defect
Electron volt
kinetic energy gained by an electron when it is accelerated through 1 V of electrical potential.
Calcium carbonate
limestoneācement, gypsum, etc
Monoprotic
can only donate one hydrogen proton (HCL)
Diprotic
Can donate 2 Hydrogen protons (H2CO3)
Triprotic
can donate 3 hydrogen protons (H3PO4)
Polyprotic
can donate 2 or more hydrogen protons
Electrons
negative
Amino acids
make up protein