eced 220 chapter 3 and 4

Conception

The joining of a single egg or ovum from the female and a single sperm from the male

Genes

Genetic material that carries codes, or information, for all inherited characteristics

temperament

an individual's characteristic manner or style of response to everyday events, including degree of interest, activity level, and regulation of behavior

Zygote

the cell formed as a result of conception; called a zygote for the first 14 days

First Trimester

conception through the third month

Second trimester

fourth through the sixth month

Third trimester

Seventh through the ninth month

Three stages of Fetal development

Germinal

Embryonic

Fetal

What is the Germinal Stage of pregnancy?

The first 14 days of pregnancy.

What is formed during the Germinal Stage?

A zygote.

What begins during the Germinal Stage?

Cell division.

What does the zygote develop into during the Germinal Stage?

A blastocyst.

Implantation

The attachment of the blastocyst to the wall of the mother's uterus; occurs around the twelfth day

Embryo

The cell mass from the time of implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy

Placenta

a specialized lining that forms inside the uterus during pregnancy to support and nourish the developing fetus

What marks the beginning of the embryo and the embryonic stage?

Successful attachment

When does the embryonic stage occur during pregnancy?

Third through eighth week

What develops during the embryonic stage?

The placenta

What is formed during the embryonic stage?

All major organs and systems

2 weeks

cell division results in embryo consisting of 16 cells

3-8 weeks

structures necessary to support the developing embryo have formed; placenta, chorionic sac, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord

embryonic cell layers begin to specialize, developing into major internal organs and systems as well as external structures

first bone cells appear

less than 1 inch in length at 8 weeks

12 weeks

Weighs approximately 1-2 ounces and is nearly 3 inches in length

sex organs develop, baby's gender can be determined

kidneys begin to function

arms, legs, fingers, and toes are well defined and movable

makes facial expressions, looks around, and is able to suck and swallow

16 weeks

Weighs about 5 ounces and is about 6 inches in length

sucks thumb

moves about actively; mother may begin to feel baby's movement (quickening)

Has a strong heartbeat that can be heard

20 weeks

Weighs nearly 1 pound and has grown to be 11-12 inches

Experiences occasional hiccups

Eyelashes, eyebrows, and hair forming; eyes remain closed

24 weeks

Weight doubles to about 1.5-2 lbs and length increases to 12-14 inches

eyes are formed, often open, responds to light and sound

grasp reflex develops

Skin is wrinkled, thin, and covered with soft hair called lanugo and a white, greasy, protective substance called vernix caseosa

28 weeks

weighs about 3-3.5 lbs and grows to 16 to 17 inches in length

develops a sleep/wake pattern

remains very active; kicks and pokes mother's ribs and abdomen

able to survive if born prematurely, although lungs are not fully developed

32 weeks

Weighs approximately 5-6 lbs and is 17-18 inches in length

baby takes iron and calcium from mother's diet to build up reserve stores

becomes less active due to larger size and less room for moving about

36-38 weeks

weighs an average of 7-8 lbs and is 17-18 inches

moves into final position in preparation for birth

loses most of lanugo; skin still somewhat wrinkled and red

is much less active

body systems are more mature, thus increasing baby's chances of survival at birth

Fetal Stage

ninth through the onset of labor

fetus gains weight and prepares for birth

A mother's chance of giving birth to a healthy infant

obtaining early prenatal care

following a nutritious diet

obtaining adequate sleep and rest

maintaining a moderate weight gain

having a positive emotional attitude

planning pregnancy when a mother is in her 20's or 30's

limiting exposure to teratogens

allowing two-year interval between pregnancies

How many women receive prenatal care during the first trimester?

77%

but 71% in USA

Low Birth Weight (LBW)

An infant who weighs less than 5.5 lbs at the time of birth

Premature infant

an infant who is born before thirty-seven weeks following conception

What is spina bifida?

A birth defect resulting in malformation of the spinal cord.

What malformations can occur with spina bifida?

Malformation of the skull and brain.

What might be missing at birth in cases of spina bifida?

Portions of the skull and brain.

What is a cleft lip?

An incomplete closure of the lip, resulting in a disfiguring deformity.

What is a cleft palate?

An incomplete closure of the palate (roof of the mouth), resulting in a disfiguring deformity.

What can occur as a result of incomplete closure of the lip and palate?

A disfiguring deformity.

Small-for-gestational age infant

An infant who weight and length are significantly less at birth than an infant of the same gestational age

What is gestational diabetes?

A form of diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy.

What risks are associated with gestational diabetes?

It places the fetus at an increased risk.

What factors are often associated with gestational diabetes?

Excess maternal weight gain, a family history of diabetes, and certain ethnicities.

What is preeclampsia?

A serious maternal condition linked to the development of high blood pressure after the 20th week of pregnancy.

What are some symptoms of preeclampsia?

Headache, swelling, nausea, vision changes, and fluid retention.

What complications may occur if preeclampsia is not treated?

Kidney and liver failure and premature birth.

What is eclampsia?

A serious pregnancy complication related to preeclampsia.

What additional symptoms does eclampsia have compared to preeclampsia?

Seizures, agitation, and the potential for stroke.

Who is at the highest risk for eclampsia?

Pregnant teens, older women, and women of color.

Gestational Hypertention

High blood pressure that develops after the 20th week of pregnancy

Gestational Hypertension Symptoms

Headache, swelling, nausea, fluid retention, and vision changes

Who is at the highest risk for Gestational Hypertension?

Pregnant teens, older women, and women of color

Ova

female reproductive cells

What is a sonogram?

A visual image of the developing fetus.

How is a sonogram created?

By directing high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) at the mother's uterus.

What is the purpose of a sonogram?

To determine fetal age and physical abnormalities.

What is chorionic villus sampling (CVS)?

A genetic-screening procedure.

What is the purpose of chorionic villus sampling (CVS)?

To detect some genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome.

When is chorionic villus sampling (CVS) performed?

Between the eighth and twelfth weeks of pregnancy.

How is chorionic villus sampling (CVS) performed?

A needle is inserted and cells are removed from the outer layer of the placenta.

What is amniocentesis?

A genetic screening procedure.

What is the purpose of amniocentesis?

To detect abnormalities such as Down syndrome or spina bifida.

When is amniocentesis usually performed?

Between the 12th and 16th weeks of pregnancy.

How is amniocentesis performed?

A needle is inserted through the mother's abdomen into the sac of fluids surrounding the fetus.

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A pregnancy that occurs when a fertilized egg attaches itself outside the uterus.

Where does an ectopic pregnancy most often occur?

In one of the fallopian tubes located between the ovaries and uterus.

What procedures are affordable for treating infertility?

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (vitro fertilization)

Why do infertility and miscarriage rates increase?

Due to sperm count declining with age

Teratogens

Harmful agents that can cause fetal development during the prenatal period

What are some examples of Teratogens?

Alcohol, tobacco, drugs, radiation, household chemicals

Alcohol

consumption during pregnancy can have a wide range of irreversible adverse effects on a fetus's physical and brain development

What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASDs)

Prenatal exposure to alcohol

What can fetal alcohol syndrome cause?

intellectual disabilities, growth retardation, behavior and learning problems, poor motor coordination, heart defects, facial deformation, and speech impairment

Smoking

Has been linked to a variety of fetal malformations and birth complications

Environmental Chemicals

Racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographical disparities place some pregnant women at a greater risk for chemical exposure

Communicable Diseases

infectious diseases which are transmitted from the environment; including through air, water, food and other infected organisms (including other humans)

Chronic Health Disorders

Women who have conditions such as asthma, pre-diabetes, diabetes, obesity, and auto immune disorders, are more likely to have adverse pregnancy outcomes

Women with Rubella (German Measles) during the first 4 to 8 weeks

Child is more likely to have heart problems, be deaf, be blind, or even both

cervix

the lower portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina

How can you tell about the onset off labor?

Normally signaled by several physical changes

Two weeks before labor…

the mother may notice that the baby is now in the lower abdomen

How many stages are there in a normal birthing process?

3 stages

Stage 1 in the birthing process

Last approximately 14-17 hours

Contractions cause the cervix to expand

Stage 2 in the birthing process

Lasts about 30-90 minutes

Contractions become more intense

Stage 3 in the birthing process

Lasts only a few minutes

Begins after the baby and the placenta are delivered

cesarean section (C-section)

The delivery of an infant through the incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus

Healthy Infants and Mothers are normally released from the hospital after..

1-2 days

post partum depression

10-15% of mothers experience PPD

post partum depression symptoms

Hallucinations, thoughts of harming the infant, hopelessness, or suicide

Apgar Scoring System

A scoring system for assessing the status of a newborn that assigns a number value to each of five areas of assessment.

1 minute after birth and 5 minutes after birth

Post partum Depression affects

Can affect the quality of maternal care, emotional attachment, and breastfeeding

Most research on PPD is based around?

Western Cultures

What does the 'A' in Apgar scoring stand for?

Appearance

What are the possible scores for 'Appearance' in Apgar scoring?

All pink, pink and blue, blue (pale)

What does the 'P' in Apgar scoring stand for?

Pulse

What are the possible scores for 'Pulse' in Apgar scoring?

>100, <100, absent

What does the 'G' in Apgar scoring stand for?

Grimace

What are the possible scores for 'Grimace' in Apgar scoring?

Cough, grimace, no response

What does the 'A' in Apgar scoring stand for (second 'A')?

Activity

What are the possible scores for 'Activity' in Apgar scoring?

Flexed, flaccid, limp