ap world quiz 22: the cold war and decolonization 44-58

African National Congress (ANC)

political activity on the part of black South Africans formed in 1912

apartheid

laws separating blacks and whites in South Africa in a system of racial segregation

Al Qaeda

Taliban allowed them to use bases to plan terrorist attacks

Sharia

strict Islamic Law

Taliban

Fundamentalist Islamic Government in Afghanistan

Afrikaners

South African whites that strengthened apartheid laws

Umkhonto

established by the ANC as an organization to plan "sabotage" against the government

Homelands

black Africans were forced to resettle in areas with the worst farmland

Sharpeville Massacre

In 1960, South African police opened fire on people who were leading a peaceful march

Nelson Mandela

the leader of the ANC that was arrested in 1962, later became South Africa's 1st black president

Soweto Uprising

(1976) government tried to force the use of Afrikaans (language of Afrikaners) in black schools and rioting spread throughout the nation

1989

white South Africans elected F.W. De Klerk as president

F.W. De Klerk

white South African president that repealed all apartheid legislation, released Nelson Mandela and other political leaders from prison, worked with Mandela and created a new constitution and a peaceful transition to a democratic multi-racial nation

1994

South Africa held its 1st election where people of all races could vote and Nelson Mandela was elected

Osama Bin Laden

Al Qaeda leader killed by US forces in 2011

Glasnost

openness to democratic ideas in Russia

Perestroika

reshaping of economy and government in Russia

Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.)

December 1991 Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine declared independence and the former Soviet Union was dead

Shock therapy

quick introduction a free market system

Inflation

economy failed to improve with Boris Yeltsin steps of reform

Leonid Brezhnev

The Soviet economy stagnated from the 1960s onward under

Mikhail Gorbachev

allowed for the lifting of the Iron Curtain and the creation of new democracies in Eastern Europe after 1985

Lech Walesa

(1980s) formed an independent trade union, Solidarity

Solidarity

independent trade union formed by Lech Walesa, won free elections in Poland in 1989

The Berlin Wall

was knocked down 1989

Helmut Kohl

West Germany's Chancellor helped negotiate the reunification of Germany

Boris Yeltsin

president that quickly took steps to reform the economy of the Russian Republic

Vladimir Putin

new Russian president

took steps to strengthen state authority

cooperated in the global war on Terrorism

Russo-Ukrainian War (2022)