Human & Anatomy: Lab Practical #1 (1-5)

1. Intro to Lab; Basic Organization of the Human Body, 2. Histology I: Epithelial Tissues, Connective Tissue, and Integument, 3. Histology II: Cartilage, Bone, Muscle, and Neurons, 4. Axial Skeleton and Muscles, 5. Appendicular Skeleton and Joints

Where does the midsagittal (median) plane divide?

Vertically down the midline into equal left and right halves

Where does a sagittal (parasagittal) plane divide?

Vertically into left and right halves

Where does a transverse (horizontal/cross-sectional) plane divide?

Horizontally into superior and inferior parts

Where does a coronal (frontal) plane divide?

Vertically into anterior and posterior parts (or ventral and dorsal parts)

What is a longitudinal section?

Vertical cut through the longest axis of an object from its furthest points (from end to end) that shows its internal structure

What is an Oblique section?

A cut that is nerther a cross/longitudinal section.

What is a body in a prone position?i

Lying flat, face down with their back/dorsal side upwards

What is a body in a supine position?

Lying flat on their back, facing upwards

What is the directional term “Superior” (cranial) referring to?

Towards the head end of the body or Above/Higher

What is the directional term “Inferior” (caudal) referring to?

Away from the head or Lower/Under

What does the directional term “Anterior” (ventral) mean?

Front side of the body or belly-side

What does the directional term “Posterior” (dorsal) mean?

Back side of the body or the rear side

What does the directional term “Proximal” mean?

Closer to the point of attachment (of a limb)

What does the directional term “Distal” mean?

Further from the point of attachment

What does the directional term “Lateral” mean?

Away from the midline wW

What does the directional term “Medial” mean?

Towards the midline

What does the directional term “Superficial” mean?

Towards the surface

What does the directional term “Deep” mean?

Away from the surface

What are the 4 Body Cavities listed here along with the organ listed?

1. Thoracic Cavity

2. Abdominal Cavity

3. Pelvic Cavity

4. Abdominopelvic Cavity

5. Diaphragm

What is the mediastinum?

The median space in the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.

What are Visceral Serous Membranes and the 3 types?

Membranes covering the surface of an organ

1. Visceral pericardium

2. Visceral peritoneum

3. Visceral pleura

What is the Visceral Pericardium?

Serous membrane that covers the surface of the heart

What is the Visceral Peritoneum?

Serous membrane that covers the surface of organs within the abdominopelvic cavity. ex. stomach, liver, and intestines

What is the Visceral Pleura?

Serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs

What are Parietal Serous Membranes and its 3 types?

Serous membranes that line the cavity containing an organ(s)

1. Parietal pericardium

2. Parietal peritoneum

3. Parietal pleura

What is the Parietal Pericardium?

Serous membrane that lines the pericardial cavity

What is the Parietal Peritoneum?

Serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity

What is the Parietal Pleura?

Serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity

What forms the Pericardial Cavity and what is it?

Formed by the serous membranes (parietal pericardium & visceral pericardium) with serous fluid inside of it. Cavity surrounding the heart.

What forms the Pleural Cavity and what is it?

Formed by the serous membranes (visceral pleura & parietal pleura) and filled with serous fluid.

Cavity surrounding both lungs

What forms the Peritoneal Cavity and what is it?

Formed by the serous membranes (visceral peritoneum & parietal peritoneum) and filled with serous fluid.

Cavity surrounding organs like the liver, stomach, and intestines.

What is Mesentery?

A double layer (fold) of visceral peritoneum that anchors things in place for ex. small intestines, stomach, pancreas, and other organs to the abdominal wall

What does Retroperitoneal mean?

Refers to the location of organs and is not a membrane/cavity

Organs behind the peritoneal cavity that are partially “covered” by parietal peritoneum

Ex. kidneys, pancreas, & ureters

Body Regions and Parts: Cephalic

Head

Body Regions and Parts: Orbital

Eye

Body Regions and Parts: Nasal

Nose

Body Regions and Parts: Oral

Mouth

Body Regions and Parts: Auricular

Ear

Body Regions and Parts: Buccal

Cheek

Body Regions and Parts: Cervical

Neck

Body Regions and Parts: Thoracic

Thorax

Body Regions and Parts: Abdominal

Abdomen

Body Regions and Parts: Pelvic

Pelvis

Body Regions and Parts: Dorsal

Back

Body Regions and Parts: Deltoid

Shoulder

Body Regions and Parts: Vertebral

Spinal column

Body Regions and Parts: Gluteal

Buttock

Body Regions and Parts: Axillary

Armpit

Body Regions and Parts: Brachial

Arm

Body Regions and Parts: Antebrachial

Forearm

Body Regions and Parts: Manus

Hand

Body Regions and Parts: Carpal

Wrist

Body Regions and Parts: Digital

Fingers/Toes

Body Regions and Parts: Coral

Hip

Body Regions and Parts: Femoral

Thigh

Body Regions and Parts: Patellar

Kneecap

Body Regions and Parts: Popliteal

Behind the knee

Body Regions and Parts: Crural

Leg

Body Regions and Parts: Pet

Foot

Body Regions and Parts: Tarsal

Ankle

Body Regions and Parts: Calcaneal

Heel of foot

What is the lowest power objective lens and its magnification?

Scanning Objective

4X magnification

What is the middle power objective lens and its magnification?

Low Power Objective

10X Magnification

What is the highest power objective lens and its magnification?

High Power Objective

40X magnification

What does the Ocular Lens magnify by?

10X

How can I calculate Total Magnification?

The objective lens X ocular lens

What is resolution (resolving power)?

The ability of the microscope to tell apart two objects that are close together.

Depends on the wavelength of light, more resolution with less wavelength

What is Depth of Field?

Focusing in a compound microscope is limited to this particular depth

Decreasese with more high powered lens

What is Field of View?

The amount of the object that you can see through the microscope

Decreases with higher objectives

What is Field Diameter & what are they for each objective lens?

The distance across the field of view

4X: 5.0mm

10X: 2.0mm

40X: 0.5mm

What are the labelled components of a Compound Light Microscope? Pt.1

1. Arm

2. Light Switch

3. Control knob

4. Coarse focus knob

5. Fine focus knob

6. Mechanical stage knob

7. Aperture Iris diaphragm lever

8. Condenser

9. Field iris diaphragm ring

10. Base

What are the labelled components of a Compound Light Microscope? Pt. 2

1. Ocular lenses

2. Rotating nosepiece

3. Objective lens

4. Stage

5. Condenser lens

6. Stage clip

7. Condenser lens adjustment knob

What is Histology?

microscopic study of tissues

How is epithelial tissue classified?

By # of cell layers and shape of the cells

What are the four epithelial tissue?

1. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

2. Simple Columnar Epithelium

3. Stratified Squamous Epithelium (keratinized form)

4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

What are the 5 connective tissues?

1. Mesenchyme

2. Areolar Connective Tissue

3. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

4. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (dermis of the skin)

5. Adipose Connective Tissue

How can we distinguish types of connective tissue?

By looking at their types of cells, form of the extracellular matrix, relative abundance of protein fibers

What are the two layers of the Integument?

Epidermis & Dermis

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis? (order from superficial to deep)

1. What stratum corneum

2. stratum lucidum

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum spinosum

5. stratum basale

What does the Dermis consist of?

Dermal papilla(e)

What kind of tissue is a. ?

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

Tendons & Ligaments

What is the predominant cell in dense regular connective tissue?

Fibroblasts

What types of protein fibers are present in dense regular connective tissue and how are they arranged?

Collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles

What kind of tissue is b. ?

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

ONE layer (simple) of cube shaped cells (cuboidal)

What kind of tissue is c. ?

Simple Columnar Epithelium

What is Simple Columnar Epithelium and what cells are in it?

ONE layer (simple) of column shaped cells (columnar)

Goblet Cells

What kind of tissue is d. ?

Areolar Connective Tissue

What are the most prevalent cells in areolar connective tissue?

fibroblasts

What types of protein fibers are present in areolar connective tissue?

Collagen (pale pink & thick), elastic (thin and dark), and reticular

What kind of tissue is e. ?

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

What is Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

MANY layers (stratified) of flat-shaped (squamous) cells in THICK SKIN

What type of tissue is f. ?

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

What dominant types of protein fibers are present in Dense Irregular Connective Tissue and how could you describe their arrangement?

Collagen

Swirly (random directions) and deep pink

What kind of tissue is g. ?

Adipose Connective Tissue

What is the cell in Adipose Connective Tissue and what do they look like?

Adipocytes (lipid interior)

White blobs

What kind of tissue is h. ?

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

In the dermis of the skin (thick skin)