Semester Final , Miller and Levine Biology

The steps to the scientific method

Hypothesis

a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations in ways that support or reject it

Controlled experiment

an experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time

Theory

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations that has been throughly tested

How do theories and hypothesis compare?

They're both an option and testable = http://ontrack-media.net/gateway/chemistry/g_sm0l4s5.html

Characteristics of living things

*living things grow and develop

*living things are based on a universal genetic code

*living things respond to the environment

*living things are made of cells

*living things reproduce

*living things maintain a stable internal environment

*living things obtain and use material and energy

*living things, as a group, evolve

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Why is carbon so special compared to other elements?

It is the primary atom for the molecular structure of life

What are the three statements that make up the cell theory

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells.

List three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotes = nucleoid , Eukaryotes = nucleus

Prokaryotes = no organelles , Eukaryotes = organelles

Prokaryotes = circular DNA , Eukaryotes = Linear DNA

Robert Hooke

Discovered Cells

Principle of cell theory

fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living thingl and that new cells are produced from existing cells

Prokaryotic cell

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

Eukaryotic cell

organism whose cells contain a nucleus

Example of an organism made of a prokaryotic cell

Bacteria

Function of the Nucleus

structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA

Function of the Lysosome

cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

Function of the ribosome

cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell

Function of the mitochondria

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

Function of the chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and converts in into chemical energy

Function of the cell wall

strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells

Function of the cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Active transport

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration

Why is ATP useful to cells

Energy is usually liberated from the ATP molecule to do work in the cell

What happens during the process of photosynthesis

Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, a green substance found in chloroplasts in some plant cells and algae. Absorbed light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide (from the air) and water (from the soil) into a sugar called glucose. Oxygen is released as a by-product.

Three parts of an ATP molecule

1. Adenine

2. Phosphate Groups

3. Ribose

When is energy released from ATP

When the terminal (third) phosphate is cut loose

Autotroph

organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer

Heterotroph

organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also callled a consumer

Pigments

light absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun's energy

Granum

A stacked membranous structure within the chloroplasts of plants

Stroma

basically cytoplasm

The chemical equation of photosynthesis

Where do light-dependent reactions take place

on the thylakoid membranes

What are the products of the light-independent reactions

NADPH and ATP

Calvin cycle

the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH used to build high-energy compounds

Where do organisms get energy

The sun

What is cellular respiration

enzymatic breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce cellular energy

How do organisms get the energy they need

Breaking down molecules

Correct sequence of the steps of cellular respiration

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport.

Chemical equation of cellular respiration

Reactants and products of the equation

ATP, Carbon dioxide, Water

Aerobic

process that requires oxygen

Anaerobic

process that does not require oxygen, such as glycolysis

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis opposite one another

the two equations are the opposite because the reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis and vice versa

Where does glycolysis take place

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

How many ATP are produced during glycolysis

Four total molecules of ATP are formed during glycolysis

Starting molecule for glycolysis?

glucose and 2 molecules of ATP

Starting molecule for krebs cycle

Pyruvic Acid

How many total ATP are produced during cellular respiration

36 ATP

Lactid Acid fermentation

process which produces lactic acid and NAD+ from pyruvic acid and NADH

Alcoholic fermentation

process which produces alcohol, CO₂, and NAD+ from pyruvic acid and NADH

what is the role of chromosomes in cell division

> They carry hereditary information in the genes from parents to off springs.

> They help cell grow, divide, maintain itself by directing synthesis of proteins.

> Control cell metabolism by directing the formating of necessary proteins.

> They undergo crossing over and mutations and thus contribute to the evolution.

> They guide cell differentiation during development.

> The sat chromosomes form nucleoli in daughter cells at nucleoli organization.

What are the main events of the cell cycle

1) Interphase (G1, S, and G2)

2) M phase( mitosis)

3) C phase (cytokinesis)

Interphase - G1, S, G2

-Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.

-G1 phase is the time during which the cell makes more proteins so that it can grow to its proper size

-S phase, or synthesis phase, is the time during which the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis

-the G2 phase is the time during which a cell replicates its organelles in preparation for mitosis

Mitosis - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

-Mitosis- part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

-Prophase- first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible

-Metaphase- phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

-Anaphase- phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

-Telophase- phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

Sister chromatid

sister chromatid refers to either of the two identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a single chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. In other words, a sister chromatid may also be said as 'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome.

Which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle

Prophase

What is the role of the spindle fibers

The spindle fibers help separate the chromosomes.

Two main stages of cell division

mitosis, the process of nuclear division, and cytokinesis, division of the cell's cytoplasm