Theory Test 3 L14-L20

Echinoderms

Marine organisms with radial symmetry in adults and bilateral symmetry in larvae, classified as deuterostomes.

Water vascular system

A hydraulic system in echinoderms crucial for locomotion and prey manipulation, featuring fluid-filled canals.

Tube feet

Extensions of the water vascular system used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange in echinoderms.

Madreporite

The entrance to the water vascular system in echinoderms, playing a vital role in hydrostatic pressure regulation.

Pedicellariae

Small pincer-like structures found in echinoderms used for defense and cleaning.

General traits of echinoderms

Exclusively marine, slow-moving or sessile, with adapted feeding strategies.

Radial symmetry

A characteristic of adult echinoderms where body parts are arranged around a central axis.

Coelomate

An organism with a true body cavity allowing for complex organ systems.

Ecological significance of Echinoderms

Vital for marine ecosystems, act as bioturbators, enhancing nutrient cycling.

Hemichordates

Considered sister taxa to echinoderms, primarily marine with worm-like bodies.

Urochordata

A subphylum of chordates that includes tunicates, characterized by their adult simplicity.

Cephalochordata

A subphylum of chordates that includes lancelets, retaining the notochord throughout life.

Vertebrata

The subgroup of chordates that includes animals with backbones.

Evolution of jaws

A significant evolutionary development in vertebrates that enhances foraging capabilities.

Amniotic Egg

An egg that facilitates development in dry environments; crucial for terrestrial life.

Endothermic

Organisms that regulate their body temperature physiologically, such as birds and mammals.

Viviparous

A reproductive mode where young are born alive, as in many mammals.

Oviparous

A reproductive strategy where eggs are laid and nourished externally, common in reptiles and birds.

Adaptations for flight in birds

Include lightweight bones, feather modifications, and unique respiratory systems for high metabolic demands.

Negative pressure breathing

A ventilatory mechanism in mammals, where air is drawn into the lungs by lowering chamber pressure.

Cerebral cortex

A mammalian brain structure responsible for complex behaviors and sensory processing.

Metanephric Kidneys

A sophisticated excretory system in mammals that enhances

Echinodermata

The phylum that includes echinoderms, characterized by a water vascular system and radial symmetry.

Asteroidea

A class of echinoderms commonly known as sea stars, which are known for their ability to regenerate lost arms.

Ophiuroidea

A class of echinoderms known as brittle stars, characterized by their long, slender arms and distinct central disc.

Echinoidea

A class of echinoderms including sea urchins and sand dollars, which have a hard shell composed of calcareous plates.

Crinoidea

A class of echinoderms that includes sea lilies and feather stars, often found attached to the sea floor.

Holothuroidea

A class of echinoderms also known as sea cucumbers, which have an elongated body and are often soft-bodied.

Deuterostome development

A developmental pattern characterized by the formation of the mouth second and the anus first, a trait shared with echinoderms.

Calcified endoskeleton

A structural feature of echinoderms providing support and protection, made of calcium carbonate.

Habitat diversity

Echinoderms inhabit various marine environments, from shallow coastal waters to deep ocean floors.

Regeneration capabilities

The ability of echinoderms to regrow lost body parts, important for survival and reproduction.

Environmental indicators

Echinoderms serve as indicators of ecosystem health due to their sensitivity to environmental changes.

Water circulation

Echinoderms play a role in the circulation of nutrients and gases in marine environments through their activities.

Echinoderm reproduction

Many echinoderms reproduce through external fertilization, releasing eggs and sperm into the water.

Larval stages of echinoderms

Echinoderms undergo a unique larval development phase characterized by bilateral symmetry before transforming into adults.

Symmetry in echinoderms

While juvenile echinoderms display bilateral symmetry, adults exhibit radial symmetry for efficient feeding and movement.

Bioturbators

Echinoderms, such as sea cucumbers, disturb and mix the sediment, enhancing nutrient cycling.

Feeding strategies

Echinoderms employ various feeding methods, including suspension feeding, predation, and detritivory.

Evolutionary significance of echinoderms

Echinoderms are critical for understanding deuterostome evolution and the development of complex life forms.

Ecological roles

Echinoderms contribute to the health of marine ecosystems by influencing community structure and biodiversity.

Physiological adaptations

Echinoderms display various adaptations for survival in diverse marine environments, including respiration and locomotion.

Hemichordate similarities

Hemichordates share traits with echinoderms, such as a coelom and larval similarities, suggesting evolutionary links.

Chordate traits

Echinoderms provide insights into the evolutionary transition to chordates, particularly in embryonic development.

Urochordate characteristics

Tunicates exhibit both chordate and invertebrate features, such as a notochord and a simple adult form.

Cephalochordate features

Lancelets possess features that retain the notochord and exhibit both chordate and primitive characteristics.

Vertebrate development

Vertebrates evolved from ancestral chordates, leading to the diversification of complex organisms.

Fish evolution

The evolution of jaws in fish marked a significant transition, allowing for a broader range of feeding strategies.

Reproductive strategies in vertebrates

Vertebrates exhibit a variety of reproductive strategies, including viviparous, oviparous, and ovoviviparous modes.

Diapause

A state of dormancy in some vertebrate embryos that allows survival in adverse environmental conditions.

Amniotic fluid

The fluid surrounding the amniotic egg that cushions developing embryos and provides a stable environment.

Bird adaptations

Birds have evolved various adaptations, like hollow bones and specialized feathers, to optimize flight efficiency.

Respiratory adaptations in mammals

Mammals possess efficient respiratory structures, such as lungs with alveoli, for effective gas exchange.

Cerebral functions in mammals

The cerebral cortex in mammals is responsible for higher-order functions, including cognition and emotional responses.

Metanephric kidneys functionality

Metanephric kidneys in mammals play a crucial role in waste excretion and osmoregulation.

Thermoregulation in endothermic animals

Endothermic animals maintain a constant internal body temperature through physiological processes.

Photoreception in vertebrates

Vertebrates possess advanced eyes capable of

Echinoderms

Marine organisms with radial symmetry in adults and bilateral symmetry in larvae, classified as deuterostomes.

Water vascular system

A hydraulic system in echinoderms crucial for locomotion and prey manipulation, featuring fluid-filled canals.

Tube feet

Extensions of the water vascular system used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange in echinoderms.

Madreporite

The entrance to the water vascular system in echinoderms, playing a vital role in hydrostatic pressure regulation.

Pedicellariae

Small pincer-like structures found in echinoderms used for defense and cleaning.

General traits of echinoderms

Exclusively marine, slow-moving or sessile, with adapted feeding strategies.

Radial symmetry

A characteristic of adult echinoderms where body parts are arranged around a central axis.

Coelomate

An organism with a true body cavity allowing for complex organ systems.

Ecological significance of Echinoderms

Vital for marine ecosystems, act as bioturbators, enhancing nutrient cycling.

Hemichordates

Considered sister taxa to echinoderms, primarily marine with worm-like bodies.

Urochordata

A subphylum of chordates that includes tunicates, characterized by their adult simplicity.

Cephalochordata

A subphylum of chordates that includes lancelets, retaining the notochord throughout life.

Vertebrata

The subgroup of chordates that includes animals with backbones.

Evolution of jaws

A significant evolutionary development in vertebrates that enhances foraging capabilities.

Amniotic Egg

An egg that facilitates development in dry environments; crucial for terrestrial life.

Endothermic

Organisms that regulate their body temperature physiologically, such as birds and mammals.

Viviparous

A reproductive mode where young are born alive, as in many mammals.

Oviparous

A reproductive strategy where eggs are laid and nourished externally, common in reptiles and birds.

Adaptations for flight in birds

Include lightweight bones, feather modifications, and unique respiratory systems for high metabolic demands.

Negative pressure breathing

A ventilatory mechanism in mammals, where air is drawn into the lungs by lowering chamber pressure.

Cerebral cortex

A mammalian brain structure responsible for complex behaviors and sensory processing.

Metanephric Kidneys

A sophisticated excretory system in mammals that enhances waste filtration and water conservation.

Echinodermata

The phylum for echinoderms, characterized by a water vascular system and radial symmetry.

Asteroidea

A class of echinoderms commonly known as sea stars, which are known for their ability to regenerate lost arms.

Ophiuroidea

A class of echinoderms known as brittle stars, characterized by their long, slender arms and distinct central disc.

Echinoidea

A class of echinoderms including sea urchins and sand dollars, characterized by hard, calcareous shells.

Crinoidea

A class of echinoderms that includes sea lilies and feather stars, often found attached to the sea floor.

Holothuroidea

A class of echinoderms also known as sea cucumbers, which have an elongated body and are often soft-bodied.

Deuterostome development

A developmental pattern characterized by the formation of the mouth second and the anus first, a trait shared with echinoderms.

Calcified endoskeleton

A structural feature of echinoderms providing support and protection, made of calcium carbonate.

Habitat diversity

Echinoderms inhabit various marine environments, from shallow coastal waters to deep ocean floors.

Regeneration capabilities

The ability of echinoderms to regrow lost body parts, important for survival and reproduction.

Environmental indicators

Echinoderms serve as indicators of ecosystem health due to their sensitivity to environmental changes.

Water circulation

Echinoderms contribute to the circulation of nutrients and gases in marine environments through their activities.

Echinoderm reproduction

Many echinoderms reproduce through external fertilization, releasing eggs and sperm into the water.

Larval stages of echinoderms

Echinoderms undergo a unique larval development phase characterized by bilateral symmetry before transforming into adults.

Symmetry in echinoderms

While juvenile echinoderms display bilateral symmetry, adults exhibit radial symmetry for efficient feeding and movement.

Bioturbators

Echinoderms, such as sea cucumbers, disturb and mix the sediment, enhancing nutrient cycling.

Feeding strategies

Echinoderms employ various feeding strategies including suspension feeding, predation, and detritivory.

Evolutionary significance of echinoderms

Echinoderms are essential for understanding deuterostome evolution and the development of complex life forms.

Ecological roles

Echinoderms contribute to the health of marine ecosystems by influencing community structure and biodiversity.

Physiological adaptations

Echinoderms exhibit diverse adaptations for survival in various marine environments, including respiration and locomotion.

Hemichordate similarities

Hemichordates share traits with echinoderms, such as a coelom and larval similarities, indicating evolutionary connections.