mRNA
messenger RNA, brings DNA coding out of nucleus to ribosome (where proteins are built)
rRNA
combines w/ proteins to make ribosomes
tRNA
carries amino acids to ribosomes and matches up to specific codons
ribozymes/RNase
RNA can act as an enzyme (this enzyme will reassemble/refine mRNA and get rid of unwanted RNA) (RNA spliceosomes are a subset of RNase)
initiation (transcription)
RNA polymerase unwinds DNA chain, transcribes DNA to RNA w/ base pairs
elongation (transcription)
RNA polymerase follows from 5’ to 3’ and lengthens the new RNA
termination (transcription)
RNA polymerase reaches stop codon and releases, winds DNA, and stops transcription
initiation (translation)
Ribosomes begin translation upon reaching a start codon, tRNA with anticodon delivers the amino acid
elongation (translation)
Next tRNA comes into ribosome and bonds its amino acid, then ribosome moves and repeats
termination (translation)
When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, it releases polypeptide and mRNA
Promoter
DNA segment that recognizes RNA polymerase, promotes transcription
operator
DNA segment, binding site for repressor protein, blocks RNA polymerase
structural gene
code for particular proteins
inducer/repressor
Binds to or removes repressor proteins from operator
repressor protein
Protein that represses the actions of RNA polymerase and stops transcription
epignetic control
Uncoils DNA and loosens it from histones (wrapped DNA can’t allow RNA polymerase)
transcription control
Turns mRNA formation on and off (most common), similar to operons
post-transcription control
Processes pre-mRNA into mature mRNA, mature mRNA that is functional is necessary
translation control
Regulates rate of initiation (how fasts ribosomes move, how many tRNA molecules are available)