3021PSY EOT Exam

List structures involved in hormones puberty

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries/testes (for oestrogen/testosterone), growth hormone, adrenal gland (androgens), thyroid (thryoxine)

Boundaries of adolescence

biological (puberty), emotional (detachment of parents/separate identity), cognitive (advanced reasoning), interpersonal (peers/intimacy), social (adult status/privileges), educational, legal, chronological, cultural

Psychosexual stages

Oral (dependency, pessimism, mistrust), anal (neatness, cruelty, destructiveness), phallic (oedpius, adult neurosis), latency (away from urges), genital (reality-oriented, altruism)

What is psychosocial moratorium?

gap between childhood security and adult autonomy, adolescents try on various selves - doesn't really consider culture

Logical constructivism stage

Formal operational, development of logic, abstract thought, problem-solving; adolescent egocentrism; domain-specific treatment

Social constructivism/sociocultural theory

ZPD, scaffolding (transfer responsibility of tasks to student), affective (engaging & practical, no boredom) and cognitive (appropriate difficulty level) intervention

Ecological systems theory

micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono; process, person, context, time; microtime, mesotime, macrotime

HEADSS assessment

home/environment, education/employment, activities/affect/hobbies/peers, drugs/sleep, sexuality, suicide risk/disorder, also spirituality

Hormonal feedback loop

Hypothalamus --> Pituitary gland --> Gonads --> Sex hormones

What is adrenarche

the maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence, starts sexual attraction & odour

Hormone that starts puberty

kisspeptin, stimulated by leptin protein

Epiphysis

closing of ends of long bones - end of growth spurt

Secular trend

average age of puberty/menarche decreasing over time

BMI cut off for obesity

95th percentile

Adolescents better than children at thinking...

about possibilities, abstract concepts, thinking, multiple dimensions, adolescent relativism

Theoretical perspectives on cognitive development

piagetian (fixed stages), information-processing view (developments in 4 areas: attention, memory, processing speed, organization)

What does the limbic system do?

emotion and memory, risk from reward

Determinants of school achievement

achievement orientation (mastery vs. performance), fixed vs. malleable intelligence, strength of self-efficacy

Difference between independence and autonomy

independence is capacity to behave on their own, autonomy is feeling and thinking independently - emotionally, behaviourally, and cognitively

emotional autonomy

detachment (severing connections to authority), individuation (sharpening sense of autonomy), de-realization (removing parents from pedestal)

behaviour autonomy

capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them

cognitive autonomy

establishing own values, opinions, and beliefs

Cliques

2-12 people of same sex/age, clique members, liaisons (aren't in, but interact), isolates

Selection and socialization

selection is adolescents being attracted to one another due to inital similarity, socialization is friends becoming more similar to each other - responsible for most attitudinal domains

social map of adolescence

adult institutions y axis, peer culture x axis

Types of popularity

sociometric (how well-liked you are), perceived popularity (status/prestige)

Types of aggression

instrumental, reactive, relational

Four subsystems of family systems theory

parental, sibling, and parent-child relationships, and overarching family system

Eight inter-related concepts of family systems theory

triangles, differentiation of self, nuclear family emotional processes, family projection processes, multi-generational transmission, emotional cut-off, sibling position, societal emotional processes

four parenting styles

authoritarian (adult-centred, rigid, unilateral, no open comms.), authoritative (child-centred, democratic, flexible), indifferent (passive, dismissing, few demands, no monitering, distant/withdrawn), indulgent (no guidelines, blurred roles, few rules)

Consequences of parenting roles

authoritative = independence, responsibility, self-esteem, hostile or uninvolved = antisocial behaviour, anxiety/depression among timid adolescents

Kohlberg's moral development (3 main stages)

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Kohlberg's moral development (preconventional)

heteronomous morality (obey authority & fear punishment), individualism (be fair, take all self-interest into account)

Kohlberg's moral development (conventional)

mutual interpersonal expectations (act to be seen as "good"), & social system & conscience (consider good of society as whole)

Kohlberg's moral development (postconventional)

social contract & individual rights (rules of society differ for different groups), universal ethical principles (follow self-chosen principles of equal rights)

Behavioural decision theory

1) indetify alternatives, 2) identify consequences, 3) evaluate costs/benefits, 4) assessing likelihood of consequences, 5) combine all info to decision rule

Behavioural issues

hostile attributional bias, moral disengagement, life-course or adolescent-limited offenders, antisocial behaviour (authority conflicts, covert or overt antisocial behaviour)

DNA walk of life

discoverer-noticer-advisor, be mindful of thoughts

Big 6 risk factors for chronic conditions

excessive screen time, insufficient sleep, lack of physical activity, not enough fruits/veges, tobacco, alcohol

Self-esteem assessment models

Rosenberg (10-item, out of 30, <15 low self-esteem), and adolescent self-esteem questionnaire (13 items, self-esteem issues in at risk youth)

Social comparison theory outcomes

Upward: good (hope,. inspo) and bad (dissatisfaction, envy); Downward: good (gratitude) and bad (scorn)

Anorexia treatment

Maudsley Family-based treat, adolescent has regressed developmentally, good for adolescents specifically

What to look for in adolescents MDD

mostly externalizing - somatic complaints, school refusal, antisocial behaviors, withdrawal, acting out, etc.

NEET risk factors

automation, narrow training focus, lack of jobs for qualifications, fragmented policy, detachment in education/labour market

PWF

psychology of working framework, no opportunities = violation of human right, work functions as context for wellbeing, interventions, etc.

PWT

psychology of working theory, structure factors + indiv. strengths + well-being + work fulfilment outcomes, satisfies 3 human rights, uncertainty in adolescence is bad

future-proofing examples

traditional skills, using feedback, analysis, abstract thinking, problem solving

how to life-long learn

recognize own interests/goals, make list of what to learn, identify how to get involved & resources, structure goals into life, plan to achieve goal, make commitment

Hannah fisher 5 future-proof strategies

embrace change, read books, maintain support network, exercise, switch off

five assumptions of psychodynamic theory

central importance of unconscious, symbolic meaning of behaviors, existence of internalized unconscious conflicts, idea that symptoms have meaning, belief that transference-based thoughts/behaviors are critical