PPC Midterms

social class

defined as a group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomic status

• lower class

• middle class

• upper class

these are the 3 general classifications of social classes

lower class

• a large group of people who live along or below the poverty line

• don’t have the means to meet some - if not all - of the basic necessities for survival

middle class

• called as the working class

• largest and most diverse group of people who lives along and beyond the poverty line

• sufficient income to provide some - if not all - basic life necessities

• serve as the backbone of the economy

upper class

• somewhat small group of people who live beyond the poverty line

• have the means to gain all the basic necessities in life and live in luxury

indian caste system

the most famous social class system, which is divided into two major groups, with one group further divided into four sections

• brahmins

• khsatriyas

• vaishyas

• shudras

• untouchables

these are the classes in the indian caste system, ordered from top to bottom

brahmins

in the indian caste system, these are the priests

khsatriyas

in the indian caste system, these are the warriors

vaishyas

in the indian caste system, these are the merchants and landowners

shudras

in the indian caste system, these are the servants, subordinates to vaishyas, khsatriyas, and brahmins

untouchables

in the indian caste system, these are the people who are out of the caste or subordinates to all (cobblers, street sweepers, cleaners)

true

(T/F) in the indian caste system, the first group is dedicated to the service of the nobility and the divine, while the second group is dedicated to the service of the common folk who, in turn, can serve the first group

islamic rule in the 13th century

the indian caste system was borne out of the ___, which further reinforced during the british occupation, leading to the specific roles of the two groups

• datu/babaylan

• maharlika

• maginoo

• timawa

• aliping namamahay

• aliping saguiguilid

these are the classes under the pre-colonial philippine caste, ordered from top to bottom

true

(T/F) in the pre-colonial philippine caste system, the highest position is covered by two people: the datu and the babaylan

babaylan

the highest religious position covered by filipino women and homosexual men

datu

the highest position that leads the barangay, where they were elected among the next caste

maharlika

• composed of the feudal lords who agreed to band with each other as an unbreakable alliance

• when one of them is elected to be the datu, the rest become the vassals (people who hold the land under a more powerful leader for allegiance) of the datu and his heirs

nobility

the western counterparts of the maharlika are the ___

maginoo

the group of people that served under the maharlika as their vassals

gentry

the western counterparts of the maginoo are the ___

timawa

people who lived freely and in the service of the land, including ordinary folk, scholars, and merchants

alipin

is the lowest major caste in the pre-colonial filipino caste system. it is further subdivided into two groups

aliping namamahay

• serve as the workers of the land, similar to peasants in western feudal classes

• not poor, got a tract of land from the higher castes and vowed to work on them to support the community

aliping saguiguilid

• lowest of the low because they represent actual slaves

• composed of prisoners of war from other tribes or communities

• work to earn freedom. when free, they join the timawa

casta system

• a system that put spanish colonizers on top and the filipinos down

• an incentivized system wherein each casta pays taxes based on their racial heritage

true

(T/F) since muslims were out fighting the spaniards during their colonization, they were not classified in the casta system. indians didn’t become prolific until the very brief british occupation, but their mixed-race descendants were classified

indios

the filipinos in the casta system

aetas

the indigenous tribes in the casta system

true

(T/F) in the casta system, indios and aetas had base taxes. they paid the minimum amount of tax

sangleys

in the casta system, they pay quadruple the base tax due to them being chinese. they were considered outcasts back then, but because of their skills and business acumen, they were invaluable to the spaniards

blancos

the top three classifications in the casta system who were exempted from paying taxes

mestizajes

they pay taxes, however, despite having mixed heritage. this is because not all members contain spanish blood

insulares

• were the first natural-born filipinos with pure spanish blood

• they were also called filipinos

americanos

• spaniards born from the american colonies

• exempted from paying taxes and held power and influence next to the peninsulares

peninsulares

• spaniards that came from the iberian peninsula, where spain and portugal are located

• exempted from paying taxes and held the most power and influence

mestizajes

were a varied casta because they comprised four mixed heritages, of which they had their own hierarchy

mestizo de espanol

• highest of the four mestizajes because it is the intermarriage of a filipino and a spaniard

• paid no taxes because they had spanish blood in them

tornatras

• term used to classify either a mestizo de espanol with chinese blood, a mestizo de sangley with spanish blood, or someone with spanish and chinese blood

• considered the odd ones because their mixed heritages meant that their taxations were confusing

mestizo de bombay

• people with filipino and indian heritages

• due to the brief period during the spanish occupation that great britain conquered manila for two years, with indians joining their ranks

• paid no taxes since indians were not part of the casta

mestizo de sangley

• people with filipino and chinese heritages

• lowest among the four mestizajes, paid fewer taxes from a chinese standpoint but paid more than indios

soviet union

the fall of aristocracy - and the tsardom - in russia marked the beginning of what?

• romanovy: ventsenosnaya semya

• anastasia

portrayed in international films such as ___ and ___, the fall of the tsardom and the rise of marxism came about after nicholas II abdicated the throne as a result of the february revolution

ernesto “che” guevara

• a popular icon representing the countercultural movement and rebellion, which earned him dichotomous infamy

• was radicalized from the poverty, hunger, and disease that riddled south america

• became public enemy no. 1 of the US after leading central and south american nations to circumvent US rule

• andres bonifacio

• jose rizal

• diego silang

• gabriela silang

• antonio luna

the katipunan, the local revolts, and the fil-am war gave us timeless icons that represented class struggle and injustice, such as the following:

cronyism and nepotism

during the marcos period, people began to notice the rise of ___ and ___, as the martial law led to political opponents, critics, and activists of the marcoses were detained after the restoration of the writ of habeas corpus

cronyism

is the partial treatment of a leader to his associates by giving them high positions in a system

nepotism

is the partial treatment of a leader to his family and friends by giving them high positions in a system)

• mendiola massacre

• cancellation of voltes v

• novel dekada ‘70

• benigno aquino jr.

• bonfacio ilagan

• marcos family

the period during the enactment of martial law is still remembered in the following events, media, and prominent figures such as the following:

desaparecidos

the martial law period also gave us terms such as the ___, referring to the martial law victims that are still missing to this day, as well as crony, and imeldific (uniquely filipino, not used internationally)

music:

• upuan by gloc-9

• tatsulok by bamboo

• gangsta’s paradise by coolio

films:

• snowpiercer and parasite by bong joon-ho

• el hoyo/the platform by galder gaztelu-urrutia

• the purge by james demonaco

musicals:

• les miserables

• miss saigon

in general, the idea of class struggle is evident in music, films, and musicals such as?

sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression (SOGIE)

humans experience several changes in their bodies when they reach the puberty stage. this is the period of self discovery, which includes ___

sex

refers to the biological trait that determines one’s reproductive function based on the gametes present

• male (for sperm-carrying gametes)

• female (for ovum-carrying gametes)

these are the two sexes

intersex

if an individual carries a particular gamete but has sex organs different from the normative organs of their respective sex, they are called ___

hermaphrodites

intersex people are people known to be ___, which is a portmanteau of the greek gods hermes and aphrodite

gender

a spectrum of characteristics of women, men, boys, and girls that are socially constructed, of which it includes norms, behaviors, and roles associated with being one’s self and their relationship with others

sexual orientation

term used to describe one’s inclination to another person in terms of romance (to love and be loved), emotions, and/or sexual urges

androphilia

• under sexual orientation, is the term used to describe one’s attraction to men and/or masculinity

• men attracted to other men are known as gay

• women who are attracted to men are heterosexual (straight)

gynephilia

• under sexual orientation, is the term used to describe one’s attraction to women and/or femininity

• men attracted to women are straight

• women attracted to other women is called a lesbian

bisexuals, ambiphilia

under sexual orientation, people who are experiencing both androphilia and gynephilia are called ___ since they are at the common ground between the 2 sexual orientation groups, termed as ___

pansexual

people who are attracted to all people regardless of sexual orientation — meaning they love all sexes and genders. shares the same spot with bisexuals

asexual

people with no sexual attraction to other sexual orientations or genders

gender identity

term used to describe one’s self-evaluation regarding their gender

cisgender

people whose gender is identified with the sex they are born in are categorized under ___. men who identify as male are cis-male, while women who identify as female are cis-female

transgender

people whose gender is identified with the notion that they were born in the wrong sex are categorized as ___. men who identify as female are called transwomen, while women who identify as male are transmen

genderqueer

there are people who identify as ___ because their gender does not fall into either cis or trans categories

agender

people who do not conform to the categories previously cited. they believe that there is no one gender that can describe them

non-binary

the agender group also includes ___ people because they do not strictly conform to the categories of sexual orientation nor to the categories of gender identity

gender expression

term used to describe how people express their gender through actions, mannerisms, and even through fashion choices

masculinity

under gender expression, qualities are regarded as characteristically male

femininity

under gender expression, qualities are regarded as characteristically female

androgyny

under gender expression, both male and female qualities. gender-neutral characteristics

gender ambiguity

when other people are not educated about the gender spectrum, ___ may arise, which can lead to certain issues

gender inequality

the biggest issue of the SOGIE

SOGIE bill

is written and deliberated in the legislative branch. when ratified, ensures that everyone enjoys the same human rights to love, work, express themselves, and to be free of discrimination

• proper use of pronouns to address someone

• equal opportunities and rights

• reduce, if not eliminate, gender discrimination

the SOGIE bill includes the following

songs:

• sirena by gloc-9 and ebe dancel

• ituloy mo lang by siakol

• if you were a woman by bonnie tyler

• freedom! ‘90 by george michael

films:

• markova: comfort gay by gil m. portes

• die beautiful by jun robles lana

• rainbow;s sunset by joel lamangan

tv shows:

• my husband’s lover by dominic zapata

• destiny rose by don michael perez

• dading by ricki davao

• beki boxer by jade castro and monti l. parungao

• the rich man’s daughter by dominic zapata

• pose by ryan murphy, brad falchuk, and steven canals

the issues of gender are tackled in the following songs, films, and tv shows:

race

an idea that the human species is divided into distinct groups based on their shared inherited physical and behavioral differences

racism

the behaviors or attitudes that reflect and foster the belief that race is a fundamental determinant of human traits, where differences make one superior

racial science

• the inherent idea that humankind is split into separate and unequal races

• used in pseudoscientific research to propagate the concept that one race dominates the others because they were the basis on being human

• carolus linnaeus

• petrus camper

• johan friedrich blumenbach

• samuel george morton

these are the four scientists who were notable for promoting racial science

carolus linnaeus

• father of modern taxonomy

• first scientist to sort and categorize humans

• pointed different subspecies: african, american, asiatic, and european

petrus camper

• renowned dutch physician

• believed that ancient greeks almost achieved human perfection - ultimate basis on what is human looking

• used facial angles to study how other races can be deemed beautiful and ranked them on how they resembled his ideal appeal

johan friedrich bluemenbach

• coined the term caucasian to describe people that lived on the slopes of mount caucasus in europe

• noted that people are distinct from other people by opportunity

samuel george morton

• father of american school of ethnography

• theorized that intelligence has a correlation to brain size

• concluded that whites have larger skulls than other races, making them superior

true

(T/F) the supposed belief had led the europeans to believe that it was their fate to lead the others away from savegery and guide them to sophistication, which is why racial appropriation existed

appropriation

is defined as the conscientious act of taking something for one’s own gain, usually without the expressed permission from the owner

racial appropriation

• happens when appropriation is used on the aspect of race

• the act of subjugating one race for the benefit of the other

black lives matter movement

• is one of the most prominent issues concerning racial appropriation

• involves how most people of color in the US gets marginalized, but african-americans receive the most oppression

segregation

since the war’s end, black people faced even more discrimination, particularly in ___

redlining

another thing that fostered segregation was the ___ of suburban homes, segregating people of color and white people even further

jim crow policies

laws that enforce racial segregation

• hidden figures by theodore melfi

• django unchained by quentin tarantino

• 12 years a slave by steve mcqueen

racial appropriation is exemplified in films such as the following:

• igorot (luzon)

• lumad (mindanao)

these are the two distinct names to the indigenous people and are used as collective names in identifying themselves

true

(T/F) these are other indigenous tribes in the philippines not listed in either group:

• aetas in eastern luzon (atis in the visayas)

• mangyans in mindoro

• badjaos in sulu

• all indigenous tribes in palawan

true

(T/F) activities that led to conflicts involving indigenous people became disastrous, as evident in the lumad killings, which gained international attention.

it is also represented in music, such as:

• masdan mo ang kapaligiran, bayan ko, balita, and bayan kong sinilangan by ASIN

in movies:

• busong and baboy halas

cultural appropriation

the use of objects or elements of a non-dominant culture in ways that either disrespect the sanctity of the material, discredit the origin of the material, reinforcer stereotypes, or contribute to racial oppression

whitewashing

one prime example of cultural appropriation, where white people are cast into characters that are people of color narrative-wise