Chapter 4 – Nutrition, Enzymes, and Metabolism

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51 Terms

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Malnutrition

A condition resulting from an imbalanced diet lacking essential nutrients.

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Energy

The capacity to perform work or fuel biological processes.

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Nutrients

Substances required by the body for growth, energy, and cellular function.

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Macronutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

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Micronutrients

Nutrients needed in small amounts, including vitamins and minerals.

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Essential nutrients

Nutrients that must be obtained from the diet.

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Essential amino acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be ingested.

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Digestion

The breakdown of food into smaller molecules for absorption.

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Chemical reaction

A process that transforms substances into different compounds.

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Catabolic reaction

Breakdown of molecules to release energy.

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Anabolic reaction

Building up of complex molecules from simpler ones.

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Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

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Enzyme

A protein that accelerates biochemical reactions.

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Active site

The region on an enzyme where substrates bind.

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Substrate

The molecule upon which an enzyme acts.

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Activation energy

Energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction.

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Minerals

Inorganic substances needed for various cellular processes.

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Vitamins

Organic compounds that support biochemical functions.

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Cofactor

Non-protein molecule required by an enzyme for activity.

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Coenzyme

Organic cofactor aiding enzyme function.

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Is malnutrition always associated with starvation?

False.

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What is the number one killer of children globally?

Malnutrition.

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What are the macronutrient examples and their primary function?

Carbohydrates (primary energy source), proteins (support growth and repair), fats (store energy).

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What primarily affects food access in the U.S.?

Poverty.

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What are the components of a well-balanced diet?

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

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True or False: Animal products provide more protein than plant products.

True.

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What happens to macronutrients during digestion?

They are broken down into absorbable subunits for energy and cell functions.

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Why are nucleic acids not considered macronutrients?

They are needed in much smaller quantities compared to macronutrients.

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What are the digestion subunits for carbohydrates?

Simple sugars.

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What are the digestion subunits for proteins?

Amino acids.

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What are the digestion subunits for lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol.

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What are the digestion subunits for nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

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How many essential amino acids are there?

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What are complete foods?

Foods containing all essential nutrients required by the body.

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What is the purpose of the Peanut Butter Project?

To provide a high-nutrient, easy-to-distribute treatment for malnutrition.

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Why is peanut butter used in malnutrition treatment?

It is rich in protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals; requires no refrigeration.

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True or False: If you eat RUTF, you don’t need to eat anything else.

True.

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Are enzymes involved in reactions that are both catabolic and anabolic?

False.

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What are properties of enzymes?

Specificity to substrates, reusable, and efficient in lowering activation energy.

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Can reactions occur without enzymes?

True; reactions can still occur but at a slower rate.

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Do enzymes add energy to reactions?

False; they lower the activation energy.

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What is formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site?

Enzyme-substrate complex.

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What does the induced fit model describe?

The enzyme changes shape slightly to fit the substrate more precisely.

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Are enzymes mostly proteins?

True.

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Do enzymes become permanently changed after reactions?

False; they are not consumed or permanently altered.

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What are micronutrients functions related to 'hidden hunger'?

Micronutrients support immune function, growth, and development, but deficiencies may not have obvious signs.

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Give an example of a mineral and its function.

Iron (oxygen transport), calcium (bone health).

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Give an example of a vitamin and its function.

Vitamin C (immune support), Vitamin D (bone health).

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What is a cofactor and give an example?

Non-protein molecule required by an enzyme; example: Zinc.

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What is a coenzyme and provide an example?

Organic cofactor aiding enzyme function; example: NAD+.

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What deficiency leads to goiter?

Iodine.