APUSH - Unit 2 Quiz (1754 - 1800)

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Turning Points in History

1. The Chesapeake tobacco boom (1620 - 1660)
2. The crown takes over Virginia (1624)
3. Glorious Revolution (1688 - 1689)
4. Salutary Neglect/Growth of Assemblies (1714 - 1750)
5. The Acts (1732 - 1751)

In what ways did Parliament try to control the colonies and how did it give them autonomy?

Parliament imposed taxes and trade regulations, but allowed colonies to have their own local governments and assemblies.
This includes salutary neglect (relaxing regulations and giving colonies more power to rule due to problems back home), the Stamp Act, and Navigation Acts.

2.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Who settled in North America?

The countries that established colonies in North America were...
1. Spanish
2. French
3. Dutch
4. British

2.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): What is the significance of 1607?

The establishment of the first permanent English settlement in North America (Jamestown, Virginia) occurred in 1607, which began the foundation of a new nation.

2.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Despite variations between colonial settlements, what did most of them have in common?

They all sought to dominate the native inhabitants.

2.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Early Settlements - Why did the French, Dutch, and British settle along the Atlantic coast?

The Spanish and already settled into North America, and other European countries settles into Central/South America, and so the French, Dutch, and British settled along the coast.

2.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Early Settlements - What were the first two permanent settlements?

Jamestown and Plymouth were the first 2 successful colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America.

2.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Early Settlements - Why did each colony develop its own economic and cultural system?

Each colony developed its own economic and cultural system depending on its environmental conditions and settlement patterns.

2.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Early Settlements - Trade caused friction between the colonists and what two groups?

Colonies increasingly resisted British control over their trade and trade led to competition for resources among colonists and natives.
Colonists v. Natives

2.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Early Settlements - Why did the colonists feel like native slaves were not effective? Indentured servants?

Native Americans could escape too easily and indentured servants did not provide sufficient labor for people who owned land.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): What were the three main motivations for settling in the Americas?

1. desires for wealth
2. to spread Christianity
3. to escape persecution

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): Spanish Colonies - Why were Spanish colonies slow to take off?

1. limited mineral resources
2. strong opposition from American Indians

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): Spanish Colonies - What motivated Spanish colonists, and who made up most of their colonies?

Missionary zeal was an important motivator as Roman Catholic Spain worked to counter the expanding influence of the Reformation and Protestantism.
These colonies were largely populated by men and they would gradually include Native Americans and Africans in their society.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): Florida - What was the oldest city founded by Europeans in the US mainland? Who founded it and when?

The Spanish established a permanent settlement at St. Augustine in 1565.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): Florida - Why didn't many Spanish settlements grow?

Only a few small settlements developed as the Spanish found little silver and gold, a declining native population due to wars and disease, and periodic hurricanes.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): Florida - When did the Spanish settle each of the following places and what is something unique about each one? --> New Mexico and Arizona

Spanish colonists began arriving in 1598.
The Spanish established Santa Fe as the capital of New Mexico in 1610.
American Indians had previously settled in this region for 700 years.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): Florida - When did the Spanish settle each of the following places and what is something unique about each one? --> Texas

The Spanish grew communities here in the early 1700s.
Spain resisted French efforts to explore the lower Mississippi River.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): Florida - When did the Spanish settle each of the following places and what is something unique about each one? --> California

The Spanish started a settlement at San Diego in 1769.
By 1784, the Franciscan order and Father Junípero Serra had established missions along the California coast.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): French Colonies - Who made up the French colonies? (two groups, involved in two different activities)

French colonizers were mainly men
Few were French??
Christian missionaries -> Catholic converters
Fur Traders -> Worked in the lucrative fur trade, traveling throughout the interior of North America purchasing furs gathered by American Indians.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): French Colonies - Why did French men often marry native women?

The native women provided valuable services as guides, translators, and negotiators with other American Indians.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): French Colonies - Describe the following French settlements, including names and dates. --> Quebec

The first French settlement in America located on the St. Lawrence River
It was founded by Samuel de Champlain, the "Father of New France," in 1608.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): French Colonies - Describe the following French settlements, including names and dates. --> Louisianna

In 1673, Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette explored the Upper Mississippi River.
9 years later, Robert de La Salle explored the Mississippi basin, which he named Louisiana (after the French King Louis XIV).

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): French Colonies - Describe the following French settlements, including names and dates. --> New Orleans

By 1718, the French had moved Southward down the Mississippi River and established a permanent settlement, New Orleans, where the river entered the Gulf of Mexico.
It became a prosperous trade center.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): Dutch Colonies - What was Henry Hudson paid to do?

The government hired Henry Hudson, an English sailor, to seek westward passage to Asia.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): Dutch Colonies - Dutch colonies consisted of...

small numbers of traders who built strong trade networks among American Indians.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): Dutch Colonies - The Dutch were more likely to settles in ______________________ posts near the coast or along major rivers and less likely to _________________________________ with American Indians.

1. trading
2. intermarry

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): British Colonies - Why did England really need new land to set settlers to?

England's population was growing more rapidly than its economy, so its number of poor and landless families was increasing.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): British Colonies - What is a joint-stock company and why were people drawn to them (think of the word limited liability).

A joint-stock company is a business owned by shareholders who invest in shares, with their liability limited to their investment.
People were drawn to use them to finance the risky enterprise of colonization.
The English began settling colonies in the Americas using joint-stock companies.

2.2 (European Colonization in North America): British Colonies - How were English colonies different from France or Spain?

Colonists from England included a higher percentage of families and single females, and they were more interested in farming.
As a result, English settlers were more likely to claim American Indian land and less likely to intermarry with Indians.
The English colonies attracted a more diverse group of Europeans settlers than did other colonies, most of their settlers migrated in search of better lives or religious freedom.

2.2 (ANALYSIS): Compare and contrast the English model of colonization to that of Spain and France.

English colonists included a higher percentage of families and single females, and they were more interested in farming.
- As a result, English settlers were more likely to claim American Indian land and less likely to intermarry with Indians.
- On the other hand, Spanish and French colonizers were mainly men.
- Many French traders would also marry American Indian women.
- Instead of farming, the French who came for economic reasons mostly worked in the lucrative fur trade and for the Spanish, missionary zeal was an important motivator as R.C. Spain worked to counter the expanding influence of the Reformation and Protestantism.
- Just as the English would claim American Indian land, the French would purchase furs gathered by American Indians.
The English colonies attracted a more diverse group of European settlers than the Spanish and French, of which migrated is search of better lives or religious freedom.
- French and English colonists had economic motivations in common while English and Spanish had religious motivations in common.

2.2 (ANALYSIS): Using your knowledge of US History and the graph to the left, provide 3 reasons for the changes in population on the Eastern seaboard (the Chesapeake colonies of Maryland and Virginia) between 1610 - 1750.

- The American Indian population was decreasing because their bodies were unable to combat the new diseases brought by those migrating to the Eastern seaboard.
- This increased migration also meant more of the white population living on the Eastern seaboard for economic, political, and religious opportunity, increasing their population.
- The African population increased because they were being brought to the Americas for forced labor through indentured servitude and eventually, slavery.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): What kind of factors contributed to the growth of regional or sectional differences in the colonies?

The English colonies developed these difference based on topography, natural resources, climate, and the background of their settlers.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): How did the colonies receive authority to operate?

Every colony received its authority to operate by a charter granting special privileges from the monarch.
Each charter described the relationship between the colony and the crown.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Describe the following types of charters. --> Corporate Colony

Operated by joint-stock companies, at least during these colonies' early years (Jamestown)

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Describe the following types of charters. --> Royal Colony

to be under the direct authority and rule of the king's government (Virginia after 1624)

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Describe the following types of charters. --> Proprietary Colony

under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king (Maryland + Pennsylvania)

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Why did feelings of independence grow in the colonies?

Unlike the French and Spanish colonists, the English had a tradition of representative government, so while political and religious conflicts dominated England, feelings for independence grew in the colonies.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Early English Settlements - Jamestown: How/by who/when was it settled?

England's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Early English Settlements - Jamestown: Early Problems

The settlement's location was in a swampy area along the James River, causing fatal outbreaks of dysentery & malaria.
Their settlers were gentlemen unaccustomed to physical work or gold hunters who refused to hunt or farm.
A source of goods came from trade with American Indians, but conflicts between settlers and natives stopped trade and settlers starved.
These problems were a result of the first settlers' own mistakes.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Early English Settlements - What crop (and who) helped Virginia survive?

Jamestown survived with Captain John Smith's leadership.
The colony started growing tobacco that became popular in Europe and a profitable crop through the efforts of John Rolfe and his Indian wife, Pocahontas.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Early English Settlements - What is a headright and how was it used?

A headright was 50 acres of land that VA provided to recruit White settlers.
The land was provided to any settler or to anyone who paid for passage for a settler to the colony.
The headright system helped many Europeans move to Virginia, but it mostly aided landowners who added to their holdings by sponsoring indentured servants.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Early English Settlements - What kind of labor was primarily used in Virginia?

White Indentured servants

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Early English Settlements - Why did Virginia lose its charter and become a royal colony?

Despite tobacco, by 1624 the VA colony remained near collapse
More than 5,000 people had settled in it, but death from disease and conflicts with Indians was so high that the population was only 1,300.
The VA Company was also nearly bankrupt, so King James I revoked the company charter and took direct control.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay - While Jamestown was founded to search for wealth, why were the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies founded?

The distinctive force that set the tone for these colonies was religious motivation.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay - Who are the English Dissenters and what did they want (be specific)?

The English Dissenters were English protestants who dissented from the government-supported Church of England, known as the Anglican Church.
The Church of England, lead by the English king, had broken away from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534, but kept most of the Catholic rituals and governing structure.
The dissenters, influenced by the teachings of Swiss theologian John Calvin, charged that the Church of England should break completely with Rome.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Plymouth Colony - What did the Separatists want, and why were they called Pilgrims?

These radical dissenters wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control.
Several hundred Separatists left England for Holland in search of religious freedom and because of their travels, they became known as Pilgrims.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Plymouth Colony - Many Pilgrims died on the _________________________, but were helped by ___________________________________ once they landed, allowing them to adapt to the land.

1. first winter
2. local American Indians

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Plymouth Colony - Who helped lead the Plymouth colony?

Captain Miles Standish and Governor William Bradford

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Plymouth Colony - What were the mainstays of their economy?

1. fish
2. furs
3. lumber

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Massachusetts Bay Colony - Who were the Puritans? Who was their leader and what did they want?

There were a group of more moderate dissenters, lead by John Winthrop who believed that the Church of England could be reformed, or purified.
Seeking religious freedom, a group of Puritans gained a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company (1629).

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Massachusetts Bay Colony - Where did the Puritans settle colonies?

They settled colonies in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, but Puritans from Massachusetts Bay founded several settlements in New England.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Massachusetts Bay Colony - What was the Great Migration?

Religious and political conflict in England in the 1630s drove about 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony
This movement is known as the Great migration.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Massachusetts Bay Colony - Describe what life was like in New England.

There were mixtures of small towns and family farms that relied on a blend of commerce and agriculture.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Religious Issues in Maryland - Why was Maryland founded?

In 1632, King Charles I split off part of VA to create a new colony, MA.
He granted control of it to George Calvert (Lord Baltimore), a Catholic noble, for his service to the king.
MA was the first proprietary colony as the king expected proprietors to carry out his wishes faithfully, this giving him control.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Religious Issues in Maryland - After Lord Baltimore died and his son Cecil Calvert took control, Maryland became a safe haven for who?

Catholics

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Act of Toleration - Why was it created?

To help wealthy Catholics who were escaping persecution in England, who emigrated to MD and established plantations.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Act of Toleration - What does it say?

It grants religious freedom to all Christians, but called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Act of Toleration - Why is it significant?

It was the FIRST colonial statute to grant religious freedom to ALL Christians.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Act of Toleration - Who does it leave out?

Those were not religious & Jews.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Act of Toleration - Who challenged it?

Protestants angered by a Catholic proprietor ignited a civil war.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Act of Toleration - What was the result of its repeal?

Catholics lost the right to vote in elections for the assembly, and in the 18th century, MD's economy and society was like VA's, except MD tolerated more diversity among Protestant sects.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Developments in New England - Why were Rhode Island and Connecticut established?

Puritan leaders showed intolerance of anyone who questioned their religious teachings, often banishing dissidents from the Bay Colony, so those dissidents formed settlements that became Rhode Island and Connecticut.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Developments in New England - Why was Roger William banished, what colony did he establish, and when?

Roger Williams believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority
His teachings placed him in conflict with other Puritan leaders, who ordered his banishment.
So he flees to Narragansett Bay and establishes Providence in 1636 with his followers after leaving Boston

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Developments in New England - What denomination of Christian was Roger Williams?

He was a Puritan then become a Baptist.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Developments in New England - List two unique things about Rhode Island.

1. The government allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely.
2. The colony recognized the rights of American Indains and paid them for the use of their land.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Developments in New England - Who was Anne Hutchinson and what did she believe?

Anne Hutchinson was a dissident who questioned the doctrines of the Puritan authorities.
She believed in antinomianism- the idea that since individuals receive salvation through their faith alone, they were not required to follow traditional moral laws.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Developments in New England - What happened in 1638?

Hutchinson and her followers founded Portsmouth in 1638 after being banished from the Bay Colony.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Connecticut - Who was Thomas Hooker and why did he establish Connecticut?

He was a Reverend who led a group of Boston Puritans into the valley and founded Connecticut in 1636 because he was unhappy with the Massachusetts authority.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Connecticut - What was the significance of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?

It was the first written constitution in American history.
It established a representative government with a legislature elected by popular vote and governor chosen by that legislature.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Connecticut - When Connecticut became a royal charter, what were they allowed?

It granted a limited degree of self-government, including election of the governor.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): New Hampshire - Why was New Hampshire established?

Hoping to increase royal control over the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1679 and made it a royal colony.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): New Hampshire -Describe what happened to the Puritan congregation over time using the word Halfway Covenant.

To be a full member, individuals must have a confirmed religious experience, but fewer members of the new native-born generation were having them.
To maintain the church's influence and membership, a halfway Covenant was offer so that more people could become partial members even if they had had such experiences.
As the years passed, strict Puritan practices weakened in most New England communities.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Restoration Colonies - What is a restoration colony?

They were new American colonies that were founded in the late 17th century during the Restoration period (restoration of the monarchy under King Charles II in 1660 following a brief period of republican rule under a Puritan leader, Cromwell).

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Restoration Colonies - Why were the Carolinas founded (and by who)?

Charles II granted a huge tract of land between VA and Spanish Florida to 8 nobles as a reward for helping him gain the throne.
In 1663, these nobles became the lord proprietors of the Carolinas, and in 1729, 2 royal colonies, South + North Carolina were formed from the original grant

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): S. Carolina - South Carolina's economy was initially based on ________________________________ but by the 18th century was primarily ____________________________________________ worked by________________________________.

1. trading furs and providing food for the West Indies
2. large rice-growing plantations
3. enslaved Africans

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): N. Carolina - What made N. Carolina different from S. Carolina?

N. Carolina had few good harbors and poor transportation unlike S. Carolina.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): N. Carolina - N. Carolina was made up of ________________________________with little reliance on________________________________.

1. few large plantations
2. slavery

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): N. Carolina - What kind of farms were typical of N. Carolina?

Small, self-sufficient tobacco farms who made use of indentured servants and enslaved Africans.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): N. Carolina - Describe N. Carolina's reputation.

In the 18th century, N. Carolina earned a reputation for democratic views and autonomy from British control.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): The Middle Colonies - What were the middle colonies?

The 4 colonies between New England and VA, including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): The Middle Colonies - Describe the following characteristics of the Middle Colonies.
1. ________________________________land
2. ________________________________ Immigrants
3. ________________________________harbors
4. ________________________________tolerant towards religions.

1. fertile
2. diverse Europeans
3. good
4. attitudes that were

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): New York - What did King Charles do to get New Amsterdam?

He compelled the Dutch to give up New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island and the Hudson River Valley after wishing to consolidate holdings along the Atlantic Coast and close the gap b/w the New England and the Chesapeake colonies.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): New York - What changes did James II do to New York? How did people feel about them?

James dispatched a force that easily took control of the Dutch Colony from its governor, Peter Stuyvesant, and ordered his agents to rename the colony New York.
James also ordered new taxes, duties, and rents without the consent of a representative assembly.
Taxation w/o representation met strong opposition from the English-speaking settlers.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): New York - What concessions did James II make?

In 1683, James allowed New York's governor to grant broad civil and political rights, including a representative assembly.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): New Jersey - Who founded the two Jerseys?

James II split the New York territory in 1664 feeling that it was too large.
Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret would receive West NJ and East NJ in 1674 (1 for each).

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): New Jersey - How did they attract settlers?

To attract settlers, both made generous land offers and allowed religious freedom and an assembly.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): New Jersey - Why were they combined?

Land titles in the Jerseys changed hands often, and inaccurate property lines added to the general confusion, so to settle matters, the crown decided in 1702 to combine the 2 Jerseys into a single royal colony: New Jersey.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Pennsylvania - Who was given this land and why?

The forested land to the west of NJ was given to a military and political leader, William Penn, in payment for a debt by the royal family.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Pennsylvania - Who are the Quakers, what did they believe, and why did it get them in hot water in England?

They were a group of Christians who called themselves the Religious Society of Friends
They believed that religious authority was found within each person and not in the Bible nor in any outside source.
This led them to support equality among men and women and to reject violence and resist military service.
Because of their radical beliefs that challenged authority, the Quakers of England were persecuted and jailed for their beliefs.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Pennsylvania - What did Penn want for his colony?

Penn hoped his colony would provide religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people as well as generate income and profits for himself.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Pennsylvania - What was the Frame of Government?

The Frame of Government guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written Constitution.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Pennsylvania - What was the Charter of Liberties?

The Charter of Liberties was a written constitution that guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Pennsylvania - What made Penn and Pennsylvania unique?

Penn crossed the ocean to supervise the founding of Philadelphia on the Delaware River.
He also brought a plan for a grid pattern of streets.
He attempted to treat the American Indians fairly and to not cheat them when purchasing their land.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Pennsylvania - How did Penn attract settlers?

Penn hired agents and published notices throughout Europe promising political and religious freedom and generous land terms.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Delaware - Describe.

In 1702, Penn granted the lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly.
As a result, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvania's until the American Revolution.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Georgia - What was unique about the founding of Georgia?

It was the only colony to receive direct financial support from the government.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Georgia - List the two main reasons Georgia was founded.

1. to create a defensive buffer to protect SC plantations from the Spanish Florida
2. to create a place to send the thousands of people in England imprisoned for debt because sending debtors to a colony would both relieve the overcrowded jails and provide a chance for people to start life over

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Georgia - Who founded Savannah?

Given a royal charter for a proprietary colony, a group of philanthropists led by James Oglethorpe founded Savannah in 1733.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Georgia - Why did Georgia become a royal colony?

The colony did not prosper because of the constant threat of Spanish attack and strict regulations, including bans on drinking rum and slavery.
By 1752, Oglethorpe's group gave up and Georgia was taken over by the British government and became a royal colony.

2.3 (Regions of the British Colonies): Early Political Institutions - Why did GB have a hard time controlling the colonies?

The distance across the Atlantic was great enough that communication was slow.
Britain was consumed by domestic upheavals and wars with France, so it paid little attention to the colonies.