BSC226: Final Final Exam

Primary growth

Primary growth

The growth that occurs close to the tips of roots and stems, initiated by apical meristems and involved in extending the plant body.

Secondary growth

Additional growth that thickens the stem and root caused by activity in lateral meristems.

Vascular tissue system

Conductive tissues such as xylem and phloem embedded in the ground tissue system.

Tracheary elements

Conducting cells of the xylem with distinctive lignified wall thickenings.

Tracheids

The only type of water conducting cells in most vascular plants, other than angiosperms and gnetophytes.

Vessel elements

Principal water-conducting cells in angiosperms, evolved independently in several groups of vascular plants due to convergent evolution.

Sieve elements

Conducting cells of the phloem with soft walls.

Protostelic

A simple primitive arrangement of conductive tissue in stems and roots, consisting of a solid cylinder of xylem surrounded by phloem.

Microphylls

Leaves with a small vascular bundle, consisting of a single strand of vascular tissues.

Homosporous

Producing only one kind of spore.

Heterosporous

Producing two types of spores and sporangia.

Ligule

A specialized basal cell, a scale-like outgrowth near the base of the upper surface of each microphyll and sporophyll (unknown usage).

Corm

A short compact underground stem.

CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) photosynthesis

A photosynthetic pathway where plants take up CO2 from substrates and join it with PEP to form acids.

Monopodial branching

A branching pattern where a single major axis is present, not dichotomously branched.

Sporangia

Structures(2n) that produce spores(N)

Strobili

Cones or compact groups of sporangia found on the stems. Found in Lycopodiophyta and Equiseophyta

Fronds

Leaves that consist of a divided blade and petiole.

Pinnae

Little leaflets that make up a compound leaf.

Sori

Compact groups of sporangia found on the underside of leaves.

Indusium

A protective covering of sori.

Prothallus

The gametophyte stage of ferns, containing archegonium and antheridia.

silurian

Period when vascular plants appeared on the fossil record

carboniferous

period that was dominted by land plates, namely lycopods

Tracheids

primitive water conducting cells in most vascular plants

only type in most vascular plants, other than angiosperms and gnetophytes

tracherary elements

conducting cells of the xylem with distinctive lignigied wall thickenings

vessels elements

• principal water-conducting cells in angiosperms

  • Evolved independently in several groups of vascular plants due to convergent evolution  

Lycopodiophyta

phylum of Club mosses, spike mosses, quill worts

vascular plants with a sporophyte that exhibits dichotomous branching

contains microphylls

a single strand of vascular tissue present

vascular tissue in the center of the stem

sporangia in the axils (on top) of microphylls

biflagellate or multiflagellate

dominated during the late Devonian to carboniferous period

microphylls

leaves witha small vascular bundle

a single strand of vasular tissue

dichotomous branching

the dicision or forking of an axis into two branches

Monoecious

Having female and male reproductive structures on the same plant.

Dioecious

Having female and male reproductive structures on separate plants.

Synoecious

Having male and female organs in the same flower or receptacle.

Zygomorphic

Bilaterally symmetric. Flower can be divided into 2 equal halved along only 1 plane

Circinate vernation

The unrolling of leaves as plants mature, found in ferns and cycads.

Cotyledon

Seed leaves.

Dichotomous venation

Veins fork by twos extending from a common point forming a "y" pattern fanning out in leaves.

Tunica

The organization of the shoot apex consisting of one or more peripheral layers of cells and interior.

Reticulate venation

Veins form a network-like pattern in leaves.

Gymnosperms

Seed plants with naked seeds, about 1079 species.

Angiosperms

Seed plants with seeds inside additional structures, retention of the megaspore, and all seed plants are heterosporous.

Seed

A fertilized reproductive structure consisting of three parts of a plant life cycle:mother sporophyte covering/integument (2n), nutritive megagametophyte (n), and zygote (2n).

Ovule

The non-fertilized unit of a seed, consisting of an integument and a micropyle.

Micropyle

A small opening in the integument to the megasporangium.

Cycadophyta

A phylum of gymnosperms with 337 species, pinnately divided leaves with circinate vernation, and vascular tissue located in eustele.

→ reproduction located In cones

Ginkgophyta

A phylum of gymnosperms with a single extant species (Ginkgo biloba), dioecious, and leaves with dichotomous venation.

contain long and short shoots

ovules/seeds In stalked pairs

sperm is flagellated

Gnetophyta

A phylum of gymnosperms with male and female cones associated with one another, vessel present in wood, and mostly dioecious.

mostly dioecious

Ephedra

A genus in the phylum Gnetophyta, a source of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and other stimulants, and leaves are opposite or whorls.

→ mostly dioecious

→ bracts under micro and megasporangia

→ pollen germinates directly onto megagametophyte

Gnetum

A genus in the phylum Gnetophyta with leaves opposite, cone/strobilus divided into conspicuous nodes and internodes, and morphologically similar to angiosperms.

Welwitschia

A genus in the phylum Gnetophyta with one species in the Namib Desert of Angola and Namibia, producing two leaves that grow indefinitely, and dioecious.

→ cones on branched stalks

Anthophyte Hypothesis

A hypothesis proposing that gnetophytes are the sister group of angiosperms, based on morphological evidence such as the presence of vessels in xylem and similarities in shoot apical meristems and double fertilization.

Coniferophyta

A phylum of gymnosperms dominant in the largest forests of the world, with woody plants, needle-like leaves, and mostly monoecious’

→male gametes lack flagella

→megaspore division to form gametophyte occurs within the sporgangia

Angiosperms

Flowering plants with flowers, fruits, vessels, embryo sac, and double fertilization.

Monocots

A group of angiosperms with

flowering parts in threes,

one cotyledon,

monocolpate pollen

parallel venation, scattered vascular bundles,

and herbaceous.

Eudicots

A group of angiosperms with

two cotyledons,

tricolpate pollen

flower parts in fours or fives,

reticulate venation, outer ring vascular bundles

reduction and fusion of parts

ex: roses, oaks, mints, tomatoes, sunflowers

Magnoliids

A group of angiosperms with

flower parts in spirals or threes,

monocolpate pollen

2 cotyledons,

reticulate venation, vascular bundles in outer ring

and ethereal oils.

ex: magnolia, bay, sassafras, black pepper

Stamen

The male reproductive structure of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament.

Pistil/Fruit

The female reproductive structure of a flower, consisting of a stigma, style, and ovary.

Apocarpous

Multiple free pistils in a flower.

Syncarpous

Pistils fused together to form a single pistil.

Megasporangium

The ovule-oriented structure within the pistil that contains the megasporangia.

Ovary Superior

An ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts.

Flower Hypogynous

Sepals, petals, and stamens attached to the receptacle below the ovary.

Flower Perigynous

Sepals, petals, and stamens attached to the margin of a cup-shaped extension of the receptacle (hypanthium).

Ovary Inferior

An ovary that sits below the point of attachment for the other parts of the flower.

Flower Epigynous

Sepals, petals, and stamens grow from the top of the ovary.

Hypanthium

The floral cup of a flower.

Generative cell

One of the two cells formed by the division of the generative cell of a pollen grain upon germination on the stigma. It will further divide to form two sperm nuclei.

Vegetative cell

One of the two cells formed by the division of the generative cell of a pollen grain upon germination on the stigma. It does not participate in fertilization.

Alternation of Generations

The life cycle of an angiosperm where there is a alternation between a diploid sporophyte generation and a haploid gametophyte generation.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma in angiosperms.

Abiotic pollination

Pollination that occurs through the use of wind, water, or gravity.

Biotic pollination

Pollination that occurs through the transfer of pollen by animals such as bees, wasps, butterflies, and beetles.

Nectar

A sweet liquid produced by flowers that serves as a food source for pollinators.

Pollination Syndromes

Patterns that exist between specific floral traits and the types of pollinators they attract.

Bees and Wasps

Pollinators attracted to flowers that are yellow and blue, often with UV lines.

Flies and Beetles

Pollinators attracted to flowers with bad smells, such as rotting or dead scents.

Butterflies

Pollinators attracted to bright flowers, especially those that are red, yellow, or white, with a landing platform.

Moths

Pollinators attracted to dusk or night-blooming flowers with a heavy sweet scent.

Bats

Pollinators attracted to broad flowers with lots of stamen, typically dusk or night-blooming.

Birds

Pollinators attracted to red, tubular flowers with lots of nectar and little to no odor.

Water pollination

Pollination that occurs in aquatic plants, where pollen floats to the top of the water and is carried to other flowers.

Fruit/Seed Dispersal

The process by which fruits or seeds are spread away from the parent plant.

Orchidaceae

A family of flowering plants characterized by having monocot flowers with an inferior ovary and zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetric) flowers. They often rely on specific pollinators for successful reproduction.

Asteraceae

The sunflower family, the largest flowering family, characterized by having eudicot flowers with an inferior ovary. The flowers are partially radially symmetric and partly bilateral, and are often clustered into heads or landing pads.

inetgument

prtotective convering of the seed

ovule

a nonfertilized female reproductive unit is called

heterosporous

are seed plants heterosporous or homosporous

Eustele

vascular tissue in Cycadophyta is locted in sepeparete bundles around the edge of the stem, called the

Vessels in wood

each megasporangium is surronded by two parts

shoot apical meristems

double fertilization

no archegonia

Similarites of gymnosperms and angiosperms

Phylum Coniferophyta

cedars, yews. Douglas firs, cypress, firs, junipers, and pines

pariental

type of syncarpous flower where pistils are found in the side of the wall

ex: pumpkin

Axile

type of syncarpous flower, where carpels are on central walls

free central

type of syncarpous flower where carpls are attached to a flagpole inside the flower

Embryo Sac

in angiosperms, the reduction of the female gametophyte to 7 cells and 8 nuclei bodies

Monocolplate

pollen morph where grains have a single germinal furrow

→ pollen tube only coems out of this segment, meaning the pollen has to land exaclty so to pollinate

found in Magnoliids and Monocots

tricolplate

pollen with three aperatures, equally spaced and parallel to the polar axis

eusteles

vascular bundles of phloem and xylem strands with parenchyma cells between bundles

→ found in dicots and some gynmnosperms

Monocots

which classification of angisperms have vascular tissue scattered through the stem

Pinus longaeva

bristlecone pine

oldest individual