UCSP REVIEW

Sociology

Sociology

Examines people's social relationships and the study of human behaviors in society.

Anthropology

Study of the evolutionary history of human beings, culture, and societies.

Cultural Anthropology

Focuses on how humans develop their culture and society.

Physical Anthropology

Studies how humans adapt to their environment, including biological evolution.

Linguistic Anthropology

Examines how language evolves and is used for communication.

Archaeology

Studies artifacts or material evidence left by past human societies.

Social Facts

Phenomena in society accepted as norms, values, and structures, influencing individual actions.

Anomie

Loss of direction felt by individuals when social controls become ineffective.

Structural Functionalism

Macro-level theory viewing society as interconnected parts working together for stability.

Functional

Provides social stability and solidarity within society.

Dysfunctional

Causes disruption in societal stability.

Manifest Function

Intended and recognized functions of an institution.

Latent Function

Unintended and unrecognized consequences that contribute to social stability.

Conflict Theory

Macro-level theory focusing on competition for limited resources and structural inequality.

Symbolic Interactionism

Micro-level theory emphasizing the importance of symbols and shared meanings in society.

Political Science

Study of politics, power dynamics, and decision-making in society.

Nationality

Place of birth or origin.

Citizenship

Legal status granted by a government based on specific requirements.

Sex

Biological classification of individuals as female or male.

Gender

Socially constructed roles and identities, including LGBTQIA+.

Poverty

State of lacking financial resources and living with minimal means.

Relative Poverty

Earning insufficient income to meet basic needs.

Absolute Poverty

Complete lack of financial resources.

Urban Poverty

Poverty experienced in city environments with higher living costs.

Rural Poverty

Poverty experienced in rural areas, often related to agriculture.

Raymond Williams' Concept of Culture

Culture as a learned activity and a description of a way of life.

Cultural Universals

Elements of culture that are present across different cultures.

Surface Culture

Observable behaviors and practices within a culture.

Deep Culture

Non-observable perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values.

Subculture

Smaller groups within a larger culture with distinct practices.

Counterculture

Groups that reject and oppose the dominant culture.

Culture Shock

Discomfort or confusion experienced when encountering unfamiliar cultures.

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures based on one's own cultural standards.

Xenocentrism

Belief that another culture is superior to one's own.

Sociobiology

Study of the biological basis of social behavior.

Cultural Perspective

Understanding culture through its practices and beliefs.

Political Perspective

Analyzing culture in relation to power and governance.

Sociocultural Evolution

Changes in culture and society over time.

Tangible Heritage

Physical artifacts reflecting a society's culture.

Intangible Heritage

Practices, expressions, and knowledge recognized as part of a culture.

Cultural Hegemony

Dominance maintained through cultural means and practices.

Cultural Diffusion

Spread of cultural items and ideas from one culture to another.

Cultural Imperialism

Imposition of a dominant culture onto another through various means.