Flashcards W1/L2

Motor Learning (ML 1)

The study of how perceptual, cognitive, and movement skills are optimally learned across the lifespan.

Constraints-led Framework

A model for skill acquisition that emphasizes the role of constraints (individual, task, environmental) in shaping movement behavior.

Individual Constraints

Personal characteristics including anthropometric, physiological, cognitive, and psychological factors that affect movement.

Task Constraints

Specific goals, rules, and criteria that dictate how a movement is executed.

Environmental Constraints

External physical and social conditions that influence movement, such as temperature, gravity, and spectator presence.

Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that communicates between the central nervous system and the muscles/joints.

Emergent Behavior

The variable behaviors that arise from the interaction of constraints within a movement setting.

Open Loop Control

A control process where the brain pre-plans movements without feedback during execution.

Closed Loop Control

A control process involving continuous feedback from sensory input to adjust movements.

Neuro-Muscular Self-Organisation

A principle stating that coordinated movements arise naturally from the interaction of neural and muscular systems.

Skill Acquisition

The process of developing the ability to perform a task proficiently over time.

Conditions of Acquisition

Factors that influence how skills are learned, retained, transferred, and performed.

Synergies

Coordinated groupings of muscles and joints that allow for adaptable movement patterns.

Variability in Movement

Natural differences in movement due to changing conditions and constraints.

Motor Control

The study of how the brain and nervous system manage posture and movement coordination.

Tertiary Motor Programs

Plans created in the brain that specify how movements should be executed, considering various conditions.

Perception-Action Coupling

The integration of sensory information with movement actions to optimize performance.

Constraints-Based Approach

An instructional strategy that focuses on understanding and manipulating constraints to enhance skill learning.

Behavioral Practice

Strategies that modify constraints to challenge the individual’s movement capabilities.

Instructor/Coach Role

To identify, manipulate, and guide constraints affecting movement performance.

Movement Problem Creator

An instructor who sets up conditions that challenge skill learners to find solutions.

Scaffolded Guidance

A teaching method that supports learners in discovering movement solutions without rigidly instructing.

Skill Capabilities

The pre-existing abilities and experiences that influence motor control and learning.

Variability Exploration

The process of testing different movement strategies to discover the most effective performance methods.

Retained Skills

Motor skills that are maintained over time following initial learning.

Influence of Social Factors

How social support and cultural norms can impact movement behavior and skill acquisition.

Constraints that Limit Performance

Conditions or factors that interfere with or inhibit effective movement execution.

Task Goal Independence

The aspect of task constraints that allows for flexibility in how objectives are achieved.

Neurological Feedback

Information relayed to the brain via sensory pathways that informs movement adjustments.

Behavioral Adaptation

Changes in movement strategies based on the environmental or task constraints encountered.

Cognitive Decision-Making

The mental process of evaluating information to determine the best movement strategy.

Optimal Performance

The ideal execution of a movement that maximizes efficiency, accuracy, or safety based on context.

Change of Condition Impact

The effect that modifying environmental or task conditions can have on skill performance.

Examples of Constraints

Different factors like environmental elements or individual capabilities that influence movement behavior.

Motor Skill

A learned ability to perform a specific movement.

Gross Motor Skills

Physical abilities involving large body movements such as running and jumping.

Fine Motor Skills

Physical abilities involving smaller movements, often with hands and fingers, such as writing.

Learning Styles

Preferred ways of acquiring and processing information, such as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic.

Feedback

Information provided to an individual about their performance to improve future actions.

Practice Variability

Changing conditions of practice to enhance skill adaptability and retention.

Massed Practice

A practice schedule where training sessions are long and continuous without breaks.

Distributed Practice

A practice schedule that includes shorter sessions with breaks or intervals.

Skill Transfer

The application of skills learned in one context to different contexts.

Task Complexity

The degree to which a task involves multiple steps or requires advanced skills.