Ch. 3a Origin of Cells and their Structure/Function

Cilia

tiny short hairs used for movement

Flagella

Few, long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Ribosome (free floating)

An structure located in the cytoplasm that produces proteins for use inside the cell.

Central Vacuole (plant cells)

functions as storage, waste disposal, protection (toxin), and maintains water pressure in a plant cell.

Small Vacuole/Vesicles (animal cells)

Small and numerous storage sacs in animal cells, used to transport nutrients from ER to Golgi and throughout the cell.

Cilia

Small, numerous hair like structures used for movement such as on a paramecium

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

Surrounds cell - regulates what enters/exits the cells (selectively permeable) & is composed of phospholipids and proteins

Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

ALL CELLS HAVE THIS! It's the fluid inside of every living cell where organelles float.

Centrioles

help in cell division (mitosis), helps pulls apart chromosomes

Plant cell

Eukaryotic cell that has a cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuole (among the other organelles)

Chloroplast

Organelle in plant cells that contains chlorophyll used to produce glucose (food) by photosynthesis

Organization of living things: sort these: largest to smallest: DNA, organism, chromosome, cell

organism, cell, chromosome, DNA

Lysosome

a vesicle with digestive enzymes inside; breaks down wastes and worn out organelles. Faulty lysosomes associated with genetic diseases. (Tay Sachs, Huntingtons, Patau)

Mitochondria

Organelle in both plant and animal cells that converts the chemical energy in the bonds of food molecules into cellular energy - ATP by cellular respiration.

Cytoskeleton

Structure: Microtubules (thick) and microfilaments (thin), both made of protein.

Function: provide internal support and structure to the cell. They also provide a pathway for motor-proteins to transport vesicles along.

Nuclear pores

tiny openings in the nuclear membrane that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus

Ribosomes (bound)

Make proteins of the endomembrane system and proteins that are secreted from the cell

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

The rough ER is involved with the production, folding, quality control and transport of the proteins produced by the ribosomes on its surface.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth ER is devoted almost exclusively to the manufacture of lipids. It also has a detoxification function in some cells, such as those in the liver.

Golgi Apparatus

Pocesses proteins made by the ER before sending them out to the cell. Proteins enter the Golgi on the side facing (cis face) the ER, and exit on the opposite side of the stack (trans face), facing the plasma membrane of the cell. Proteins become modified and packaged for transport to various locations within the cell.

Lysosome

A specialized vesicle containing digestive enzymes
that fuses with other vesicles or organelles set for destruction.

Cell Wall

Ridged outer layer of some cells: Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes, Some Protists

4 parts found in all cells

Cell membrane, DNA, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes

Cell

Basic unit of life. ALL cells contain a cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

Cell Theory

1.All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells

Eukaryote

Cells that contain a nucleus
Complex cells found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain a nucleus; common name: bacteria

Nuclear envelope

Layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Organelle

Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Chromosomes

Densely coiled DNA wrapped around histone proteins in a dividing cell.

Chromatin

Loosely coiled DNA wrapped around histone proteins in a non-dividing cell.

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

Robert Hooke (1665)

first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

-used a simple microscope (one lens) to look at pond water
-saw tiny living organisms which he called "animalcules"
-first to look at LIVING cells under a microscope

Schleidan, Schwann, and Virchow

created the cell theory

Nucleoid

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

Pili

Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA

bacterial flagella

are anchored to the cell by a basal body

Membranous Compartmentalization

allows different chemical conditions to be maintained in different parts of the cell

Lynn Margulis (1970)

Developed theory that organelles were once free-living cells

evidence of endosymbiotic theory

1.mitochondira & chloroplast ribosomes - 70S (around same size as prokaryotes)
2. mitochondria and chloroplast contain double membrane
3. mitochondria & chloroplast divide by binary fission
4. same genome size
5. mitochondria & chloroplast have their own DNA
6. certain antibiotics that affect prokaryotic cells will also inhibit mitochondria

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic, first oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae).

Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)

demonstrated that organic compounds (amino acids) could be made by simulating conditions on early Earth