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What is agriculture?
Cultivation of plants/animals for goods.
What are key food crops?
Corn, wheat, rice.
What are fiber crops used for?
Textiles, paper.
Why study agriculture?
To see human impact on environment.
What factors affect plant growth?
Sunlight, water, nutrients.
What is the growing season?
Length of year plants can grow.
How does elevation affect growing?
Temperature drops, season shortens.
What are soil's key characteristics?
Fertility, texture, structure.
How does topography affect soil?
Slope affects runoff, sunlight.
What is terrace building for?
Protecting soil on steep slopes.
What are 4 key climate factors?
Equator distance, wind, water, topography.
What are the tropics?
Regions near the equator.
How do oceans affect climate?
Moderate temperature, affect rain.
What is the rain shadow effect?
Dry side of mountains from wind.
What are 5 broad climate types?
Tropical, dry, temperate, continental, polar.
What is a tropical climate?
Warm year-round, varied rain.
What is a dry climate?
Arid or semiarid, little rain.
What is a temperate climate?
Moderate temps, adequate rain.
What is a polar climate?
Extremely cold, mild summers.
What is a continental climate?
Distinct seasons, cold winters.
What is subsistence agriculture?
Farming for family/local needs.
What is commercial agriculture?
Farming to sell to customers.
What is intensive agriculture?
High yields per land unit.
What is extensive agriculture?
Large land, low labor/capital.
What is bid-rent theory?
Land value determines land use.
What is the CBD?
Central business district.
What is intensive subsistence?
High labor, high yields for local use.
What is a clustered settlement?
Residents live in close proximity.
What is a dispersed settlement?
Isolated houses over large area.
What is a linear settlement?
Houses along a land feature.
What is intensive commercial?
High labor/capital for profit.
What is monocropping?
Cultivation of one or two crops.
What is crop rotation?
Varying crops to restore nutrients.
What is plantation agriculture?
Large-scale single crop farming.
What is market gardening?
Fruits/veggies for local markets.
What is truck farming?
Transporting crops to distant markets.
What is mixed crop/livestock?
Crops and livestock raised for profit.
What is extensive subsistence?
Low input, low output for survival.
What is shifting cultivation?
Rotating land use for fertility.
What is slash and burn?
Clearing land by burning vegetation.
What is nomadic herding?
Moving animals for grazing.
What is transhumance?
Seasonal movement of herds.
What is ranching?
Extensive commercial grazing.
What are CAFOs?
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations.
What factors affect agriculture?
Climate, culture, capital, land, labor, markets.
What is domestication?
Adapting plants/animals to human needs.
What were foragers?
Nomadic groups with plant-based diets.
What is an agricultural hearth?
Area where domestication began.
What is the Fertile Crescent?
First domestication area in SW Asia.
What is irrigation?
Supplying water to land/crops.
How does agriculture diffuse?
Through migration and trade.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
Exchange of goods between Americas, Europe, Africa.
What crops came from Americas?
Maize, potatoes, cassava.
What crops came to Americas?
Wheat, sugarcane.
What was the 1st agricultural revolution?
Shift from foraging to farming.
What is the Neolithic Age?
New Stone Age, when 1st revolution occurred.
What is sedentary life?
Settling in one place permanently.
What was the 2nd agricultural revolution?
Improved crop yields, new innovations.
What is the enclosure system?
Communal land to private farms.
Who invented the seed drill?
Jethro Tull.
What was the 3rd agricultural revolution?
Mechanization, new technology, GMOs.
What are GMOs?
Genetically modified organisms.
What is the 4th agricultural revolution?
Data driven agriculture, precision farming.
What did mechanization do?
Replaced animal labor, sped up farming.
What did synthetic fertilizers do?
Increased crop yields, killed pests.
What was the Green Revolution?
High-yield grain development.
Who was Norman Borlaug?
Father of the Green Revolution.
What were Green Revolution downsides?
Job loss, corporate control, environment harm.
What is sustainable agriculture?
Farming to maintain soil health.
What is organic farming?
No synthetic chemicals used.
Where did Cassava, Maize, and Sweet Potatoes originate?
Central America.
Where did Potatoes and Tomatoes originate?
Andean Highlands.
Where did Coffee and Yams originate?
West Africa.
Where did Olives and Sesame originate?
East Africa.
Where did Barley and Wheat originate?
Fertile Crescent.
Where did Cotton and Peas originate?
Indus River Valley.
Where did Soybeans and Rice originate?
North Central China.
Where did Bananas and Sugarcane originate?
Southeast Asia.
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