Nueroscience Cells, Action Potential, and Neurotransmitters

Cells

the smallest elements of signs fo life

What is required from something to be called a cell?

Must have some kind of membrane

Tissue

collection of cells that are similar to each other

Organs

cell tissue that forms a mass

system

collection of organs

organisms

tissues, organs, and systems

What is the first system in the body

nervous system

What is the second system in the body

circulatory system

What is the third system in the body

lymphatic system

perifery

away from the center

differentiation

cell development

What system is the brain part of?

reproductive system

What is the first cell of the nervous system

neurons

What is the second cell of the nervous system

glial cells

What is the first type of glial cell?

astrocytes

What is the second type of glial cell?

microglia

What is the third type of glial cell?

myelin

What is the first type of myelin?

Schwann cells

What is the second type of myelin?

oligodendrocytes

What does “telo” mean

end

What are stem cell specific to?

certain organs

What is significant about neuron signaling?

only sends on type of signal from the axon hillock, all or nothing

What do neurons build themselves to do

To be charged

What kind of signaling do neurons use?

electrical

How are neuron signals sent?

always in the same pattern

action potential

all or none

How is the neuron electrical signal balanced

through a concentration gradient

What can neurons make?

big proteins

What can happen to neuron charges?

can become more negative

Resting potential

neuron at negative change waiting to be positively charged

Neurotransmitters

chemicals that allow for passage of positive charge to the next neuron

What is significant about the make up of neurotransmitters

perfectly made only for their neuron receptor

What is the most common resting potential

-70mV

Depolarization

cell becoming more positive

Hyperolarization

cell becoming very negative

What happens to hyperpolarization

it naturally resolves

What is the first thing a neurotransmitters can do?

excite the cell

EPSP

excitatory postsynaptic potential

What is the second thing neurotransmitters can do

inhibit the cell from firing

IPSP

inhibitory post synaptic potential

What do axons need to fire

receptors

Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

everything except brain and spinal cord

What can glial cells be known as

helpers

What do astrocytes do?

structure the cell

What do microglia do?

clean the cell

What do oligodendrocytes do

produce myelin from the central nervous system (CNS)

What do Schwann cells do?

produce myelin for the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

What does myelin do?

insulates the cell

What happens in the parasympathetic nervous system?

blood is brought to the core and cooled, rest and digest

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

fight, flight, freeze, fawn

What can oligodendrocytes do?

form different types of myelin

Nodes of Ranvier

gaps of action potential

What are neurptransimitters trying to do

get to action potential threshold for neuron to fire

What is the action potential threshold gradient

around -55mV

What do the nodes of Ranvier do?

recruit charges of myelin

Where are Schwann cells found?

in gray matter

What is significant about Schwann cells?

they can only produce on type of myelin

How does action potential travel

only in one direction

What are along the axon?

sodium and potassium-gated channels

What must be done before potassium gated channels can open

reach a certain sodium concentration gradient

What is the ratio of sodium gated and potassium gated channels

3×3

What is the interaction of Na+ and K+

K+ leaves as Na+ enters

What fires action potential down the neuron?

NaCl-

What kind of channels are the Na and K receptors

mechanically gated channels

What is significated about mechanically gated channels

only let certain things in

What is at the end of the axon terminal?

Calcium (Ca+) volatage gated channels

What does Ca+ do in action potential

comes in the synapses bringing action potential down and attaching to the dendrites

What do reuptake inhibtors do

block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters

What is another name for a reuptake inhibitor?

transport receptor

What do autoreceptors do?

responsible for stopping neurotransmitter release

What do enzymes do in action potential

clease the release the neurotransmitters if to much is released

ionotropic receptor

has 1 ion which send 1 neurotransmitter, chemically gated

metabotropic receptor

can send multiple messages near the axon hillock

Waht do metabotropic receptors have?

indirect opening through secondary messenger which are chemicals

What is the first amino acid neurotransmitter?

glutamate

Waht kind of potential does glutamate have

excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)

What is the second amino acid neurotransmitter?

gamamabuturic acid (GABA)

What kind of potential does GABA have?

most common inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)

What is the third amino acid neurotransmitter?

glycine

What kind of potential glycine have?

IPSP

What is significant about GABA and glycine?

they are almost always ionotropic

What does glutamate do?

lets in Na+

Where does glutamate’s work happen most

cortex

What are the glutamate receptors

K, NMDA, AMDA

Where would you no see glycine

in anxiety medication

What is significant about monoamines?

they are metabotropic so they are secondary messengers

What is the first monoamine?

tryptophan

What does tryptophan have in it?

5 hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT)

What does 5-HT make

amines serotonin and melatonin

What kind of amines are seratonin and melatonin

indolamines

Waht makes melatonin different than seratonin

melatonin is hormonal

What is the second monoamine?

tyrosine

What does tryosine make

dopamine (D1), D2, DA

What kind of receptor is dopamine

metabotropic

What is significant about amine DA?

relates to parkinsons disease and is addictive

What does dopamine break down into

norepinephrine

What is significant about norepinephrine

its is hormonal, not a neurotransmitter

What are the norepinephrine receptors

alpha and beta receptors

What is the fourth amino acid neurotransmitter

acetylcholine (Ach)