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Visual (Vision)
Perception of light and objects.
Auditory (Hearing)
Perception of sound.
Olfactory (Smell)
Detection of odors.
Gustatory (Taste)
Recognition of taste sensations.
Tactile (Touch)
Detection of pressure, temperature, pain, and texture.
Stereognosis
The ability to recognize the form and solidity of objects by touch.
Kinesthetic and Visceral Senses
Relate to movement and internal body functions, such as hunger or pain.
Proprioception
Awareness of body position and movement without visual cues.
Stimulus
A trigger that activates sensory receptors.
Receptor
A sensory cell or nerve ending that responds to stimuli.
Nervous Pathway to the Brain
The transmission of sensory information from receptors to the brain.
Functioning Brain
The brain processes and translates sensory input into meaningful perceptions.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Mediates arousal by monitoring and regulating incoming sensory stimuli.
Sensoristasis
The state of optimal arousal where sensory input is balanced.
Conscious States
Include delirium, dementia, confusion, normal consciousness, somnolence, minimally conscious states, and locked-in syndrome.
Unconscious States
Include sleep, stupor, coma, and vegetative states.
Sensory Overload
The brain is overwhelmed by excessive sensory stimuli, leading to an inability to process or ignore them.
Symptoms of Sensory Overload
Anxiety, confusion, difficulty focusing.
Sensory Deprivation
Occurs when there is reduced sensory input or the inability to perceive stimuli.
Effects of Sensory Deprivation
Perceptual disturbances, cognitive disturbances, emotional disturbances.
Sensory Deficits
Impaired function of one or more senses, such as vision or hearing loss.
Sensory Poverty
Lack of meaningful sensory input in a modern environment.
Developmental Considerations
Age-related changes impact sensory function.
Culture
Cultural norms influence the perception and expression of sensory stimuli.
Personality and Lifestyle
Personal preferences and habits affect sensory perception.
Stress and Illness
Can alter sensory perception, such as numbness in neuropathy.
Medications
Certain drugs can impair or enhance sensory function.
Assessment
Involves history and physical exam to evaluate sensory changes.
Signs of Sensory Deprivation
Include boredom, disorientation, and hallucinations.
Signs of Sensory Overload
Include restlessness, anxiety, and confusion.
Impaired Sensory Perception
Related to vision, hearing, or other sensory functions.
Risk for Injury
Due to diminished sensory perception.
Goal of Nursing Care
Help the patient live in a safe and stimulating environment while managing sensory deficits.
Environmental Control
Reduce unnecessary noise and light for sensory-impaired patients.
Communication for Hearing Impaired
Use visual aids or written communication.
Safety Measures
Ensure clear pathways and remove tripping hazards for those with sensory impairments.
Evaluation
Assess the patient's ability to perform daily activities and comfort level with sensory challenges.
Improving Sensory Functioning
Strategies for visually impaired, hearing impaired, and those with sensory deprivation or overload.
Health Screenings
Encourage regular vision and hearing tests, especially in older adults.
Diet
Ensure adequate intake of vitamins that support sensory health.