Health and Wellness Exam 2

What is Mt. Dew mouth

top and lower back teeth have cavities but not bottom front teeth

what is the dietary guidelines for how much added sugars should be consumed daily?

<10% of total energy

what percent of total energy is the current US intake of added sugars for adults

13

what percent of total energy is the current US intake of added sugars for children

16

out of the 2000 calories that should be consumed daily, what is the maximum that should be from added sugars

200

_____ is the science of food, the nutrients and the substances therein, their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease

nutrition

____ is the grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy, oil, where ___ is the carbs, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamines, water

diet, nutrition

____ is the choice of foods consumed where ___ is what is within foods

diet, nutrition

what is the function of diet?

optimal health, disease prevention, pleasure

what is the function of nutrition?

growth, maintenance, repair

______ is the dietary recommendations for health promotion and disease prevention

dietary guidelines

what are 3 objectives of dietary guidelines

identify nutrients needed, recommend food and amount, identify foods to prevent chronic disease

the levels of dietary guidelines include _____ for population, _____ for individuals, and ___ for research

health promotion guidelines (USDA), food guides (myplate), nutrient standards (DRI)

____ is guidelines for promotion of health and prevention of chronic disease

health promotion guidelines

american heart association and American cancer society give what type of guidelines

health promotion

what are the 4 current dietary guidelines

follow healthy eating pattern, enjoy nutrient dense foods and beverages to reflect personal, cultural and budget preferences, meet food group recommendations, limit added sugars, saturated fat and sodium, and alcohol

according to the current dietary guidelines, what are 3 limits we should follow?

consume <10% added sugars, <10% saturated fats, <2300 mg sodium daily

what 3 factors can limit ability to choose healthy diet

food access, household food insecurity, acculturation

the dietary guidelines in 2010 were to engage every level of society and ________ so that healthy choices are the easy, accessible and desirable choices for all

reshape the environment

food group plans are simple guides for meeting ______, foods grouped by ____ and ______, provide balance and variety with no ______

nutrient needs, origin, nutrient content, calorie control

exchange patterns are foods grouped by ___ and _____ and provides energy control, not ______

energy content, distribution of energy, nutrient adequacy

MyPlate goal is to produce a _____ that is easily interpreted by _______

visual, general population

what are examples of unprocessed or minimally processed foods

apple, milk, beef roast, baked potato

what are examples of processed culinary ingredients

butter, sugar, salt

what are examples of processed foods

bread, cheese, pasta casserole, beef & barley stew

what are examples of ultraprocessed foods

fruit roll ups, hot dogs, sodas, chocolate

____ are derived from gp1 and are gp2

processed culinary ingredients

_____ is gp1 and _____ is gp1 and gp2 where _____ is neither

unprocessed, processed, ultra processed

what are the top 2 sources of added sugars

sugar sweetened beverages, desserts and sweet snacks

what era of ones life are they least likely to follow dietary guidelines

teenage years

_____is the amount of nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical of physiologic function in half the people of given age and sex

estimated average requirements

______ is the average daily amount of nutrient considered adequate to meet known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people

recommended dietary allowances

_____ is the average amount of nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criteria

adequate intake

what value is used as a guide when RDA cannot be determines

adequate intake

____is the maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects

tolerable upper intake level

dietary reference intakes are meant for ___ people, they are ___, not requirements, average ___, not daily, foods vs _____

healthy, recommendations, intake, supplements

what is the objective of nutritional assessment

identify individuals who are malnourished

what are 3 signs of malnutrition

deficiency of nutrients/energy, excess of nutrients/energy, imbalance of nutrients

____signs of malnutrition include when it is physically obvious and ___is before clinical signs or symptoms

overt, subclinical

what is a primary cause of nutritional deficiency

inadequate dietary intake

what is a primary cause of nutritional toxicity

excessive dietary intake

what is a secondary cause of nutritional deficiency

something else altered

what is a secondary cause of nutritional toxicity

decreased need, utilization, excretion

t/f vitamin b 12 is only found in animal sources

true

vitamin b12 absorption requires stomach acid to cleave _____ and an ____ to facilitate absorption

protein complex, intrinsic factor

primary vitamin b12 deficiency occurs when it is _____ and secondary is lack of ___ or _____

missing in diet, stomach acid, intrinsic factor

who needs supplemental vitamin b12

vegans

who is vitamin b12 deficiency primarily a concern for

elderly

what are components of nutritional assessment

history, anthropometric measures, clinical appearance, biochemical measures

what are anthropometric measures

measurement of body, size, weight, or proportions

what is indirect assessment of body composition

anthropometric measures

obesity is when there is excess ____ and can be from ongoing ____ or not

fat mass, illness

_____includes alterations of cells, tissues, and organ structures, but _____ is alteration of organ function and end-organ damage

preclinical obesity, clinical obesity

clinical obesity can limit ____ and lead to _____

daily activities, complications

clinical appearance in nutritional assessment can include looking at what

hair, skin, eyes, tongue, gums, teeth, nails, muscles, bones

what are biochemical measures in nutritional assessment?

measure nutrient or metabolite in blood, urine, or body tissue

t/f biochemical measurements can be static or functional

true

what is 2 problems with biochemical meausres?

nonspecific, values influenced by nonnutritional factors like disease, trauma, and medications

____ is the freedom of disease and level of function of people within a community

health of society

what are 5 prereqs for health

freedom from fear of war, equal opportunity, satisfaction of basic needs, secure work and a useful social role, political will and support

public health looks at what 4 concepts

availability, adequacy, quality, safety

____ is access to adequate foods to meet energy and nutrient requirement at all times

food security

_____ is the inadequate access to enough and/or appropriate foods to meet energy and nutrient needs and due to economic or social conditions

food insecurity

what percent of households suffer from food insecurity

17.9

what are factors that impair ones ability to access adequate and appropriate food

lower household income, low maternal education, poor mental and physical health, unstable housing, increased rurality, students

what are outcomes of food insecurity in children

poor health, anemic, low nutrient intake, asthma, cognitive problems, aggression, anxiety, depression, suicide

what are outcomes of food insecurity of nonsenior and senior adults

poor health, low nutrient intake, mental problems, chronic disease

diet quality is associated with what

socioeconomic gradient

people with more money are associated with ______ diets and those of low socioeconomic status typically have nutrient ______ and energy ____

high quality, poor diets, dense

why do poorer people typically eat more energy dense and nutrient poor diets?

easy access, cost

food insecure adults typically have decreased intake of ___, ___ & ____, higher intake of ______ & ______, skip this meal: ____, and eat more ____ dining

fruits, vegetables, whole grains, added sugars, saturated fats, breakfast, fast food

a pharmacist can use the ___ tool and have awareness to help with food insecurity

2 item validated

if a patients response to food ran out and didnt have money to buy more, or worried about food running our with no money to buy more is that is is often true or sometimes true then they are

food insecure

the goal of ______ is manage environmental change to limit hunger fueled violence

global food security

what is a consequence of food crisis

food related conflict (freedom from fear of war)

what is a registered dietician

food and nutrition experts

fad diets may be good if they have adequate ___ and ___ nutrient intake, limit intake of compounds associated with ____ and appropriate ___ intake

macro, micro, chronic disease, energy

____ is the bodily exertion for the sake of developing and maintaining physical fitness

exercise

____requires physical effort, is planned, structured, and repetitive

exercise

what are 2 major types of exercise?

aerobic, strength

running, jumping, bicycling, swimming, brisk walking, gardening, and dancing are all forms of what type of exercise?

aerobic

sprinting, jumping jacks, weightlifting, interval training, and bowling are all forms of what type of exercise

anaerobic

what does resistance exercise do at the subcellular level

enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis

what happens at the cellular level in older adults when you do unilateral resistance exercise?

antioxidant enzyme activity is upregulated

what does interval training do at the tissue level?

improves oxidative capacity

what does acute high intensity interval exercise do in patients with type 2 diabetes

reduces the postprandial glucose response and prevalence of hyperglycemia

resistance exercise can reverse ____ in human skeletal muscles and lifelong aerobic exercise protects against ___ and _____

aging, inflammation, cancer

what happens body wide when you exercise?

increase HR and breathing, builds muscle and endurance, strengthen bones, sweat

why do we sweat when we exercise?

cool body

what are 3 things that lead to increase heart rate during exercise?

more blood pumped, pumped faster, more blood to muscles

what is released in the CNS post exercise?

beta-endorphin

what is the result of the beta endorphin?

improved mood, alters pain perception, improve cognitive function

exercising reduces stress hormones like ____ and ____ and increases self ______

cortisol, epinephrine, confidence

when you dont exercise you are at higher risk for what 4 things?

heart disease, cancer, alzheimer’s, early death

inactivity can worsen what 4 things?

arthritis, lower back pain, anxiety/depression, complexion

during covid, the amount people exercised ____ and therefore was associated with _____

decreased, worse mental health

exercise delivers ___ and ___ to tissues, conditions ____ & ____ systems to be efficient, promotes ____ adaptions to environment, improves psychologic _____, and reduced chronic _______

oxygen, nutrients, CV, respiratory, body, wellbeing, inflammation

exercise aids in ___ control and ___ control, improves _____ health, provides longevity which reduces _______disease and helps quality of ___, improves ____

weight, glucose, mental, CV, life, sleep

what 3 things does exercise improve to overall improve mental health

mood, stress reduction, thinking, learning, judgement

how long should stretching/warmup and cool down/stretching be?

5 min warm up, 5-10 min cool down