Lewis Symbols

[Ne]3s^1

Electronic configuration of Sodium

[Ne]3s²

Electronic configuration of Magnesium

[Ne]3s²3p^1

Electronic configuration of Aluminium

[Ne]3s²3p²

Electronic configuration of Silicon

[Ne]3s²3p³

Electronic configuration of Phosphorus

[Ne]3s²3p^4

Electronic configuration of Sulfur

[Ne]3s²3p^5

Electronic configuration of Chlorine

[Ne]3s²3p^6

Electronic configuration of Argon

Silane

SiH₄

Formaldehyde

CH₂O

Ethylene

C₂H₄

Titan

One of the Saturn’s moon

Cassini-Huygens

NASA’s mission that detected a large cloud of toxic hydrogen cyanide on Titan.

Ethane

C₂H₆

C₂H₂

Acetylene

Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide

Two gases that are the products of the combustion of fossil fuels

Soot

A black powdery or flaky substance consisting largely of amorphous carbon produced by the incomplete burning of the organic matter

Carbon

The key additive element to the iron in the steel making process

Eiji Osawa

A Japanese chemist to predict a spherical form of the complex carbon structures

Elena Galpern

A Russian computational chemist who predicted a highly stable 60-carbon molecule structure in 1973

Buckminsterfullerene molecule

C₆₀

Richard Smalley, Robert Kurl, and Harold Kroto

Individuals that got awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work in discovering the C₆₀ molecule

Fullerene molecules

Because of their sizes and shapes these molecules can encapsulate other molecules

Leading to applications from hydrogen storage to drug delivery systems

These molecules also posses unique electronic and optical properties, leading to them being used in solar-powered devices and chemical sensors.

Richard Smalley

The professor at the Rice University who was honored as the Father of Nanotechnology by the US Senate.

Free radicals

Molecules that contain an odd number of electrond

Combustion

A chemical process where a substance combines rapidly with oxygen, releasing heat and light, typically as a flame

Nitric oxide

An example of an odd-electron molecule, which gets produced in internal combustion engines when oxygen and nitrogen reacts at high temperatures.

Electron-deficient molecules

Molecules that contain central atoms that do not have a filled valence shells (generally from group 2 and/or 13), and their outer atoms are either hydrogen or the atoms that don’t form the double bonds.

The central atom in such molecules is very reactive because it readily combines with the molecule containing an atom with a lone pair.

Beryllium dihydride (BeH2) and Boron trifluoride (BF3)

Two examples of the electron-deficient molecules

Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium, and Nihonium

All the elements in the Group 13 of the periodic table arranged in order.

Hypervalent molecules

Molecules formed from the elements in the third period or the higher periods.

Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

Two examples of the hypervalent molecules.

Iodine pentafluoride (IF5) and Xenon Tetrafluoride (XeF4)

Two examples of hypervalent molecules where some of the electrons in the outershell of the central atoms are lone pairs.

Interhalogens

A class of compounds where the halogen atoms covalently bond to each other.