reproduction (plants)

define sexual reproduction

where two parents produce an offspring, it involves the male and female gamete there will be a genetic variation

define asexual reproduction

offspring is produced by one parent, the offspring will have identical gene to the parent so there is no genetic variation.

drone gametes

sex cells such as sperm, egg cell

what is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction

asexual involves one parent, sexual involves two parents,

sexual has genetic variation asexual doesnt

sexual is less efficient asexual is more efficient

sexual is less vulnerable to diseases and asexual is more vulnerable

sexual can adapt better in changes to the environment unlike asexual

define fertilisation

the fusion of the male and female gametes to form a zygote

how do insect pollinated plants adapt

bright petals —> attracts insects

produce nectar—> attracts insects

sticky pollen —> stick to insects

sticky stigma —> catches pollen

anther and stigma inside the petals

how do wind pollinated plants adapt

smooth pollen

large stigma

large anther

stigma and anther hangs outside the petals

does the flower contain male or female gametes

both

what I the function of the stigma

receives pollen

what is the pollen tube

tube that grows from pollen grain tot he ovule

what is the process of fruit forming

pollen lands on the stigma

pollen grows down the style

tube enters the ovule in the ovary

male nucleus fuses with female nucleus (fertilisation)

ovule becomes a seed

ovary becomes a fruit

where is the style

female part of the plant, a tube like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary

define germination

when the seed begins to grow into a plant

what are the conditions that plants need to germinate

optimal temperature —> enzymes work best

water → activates enzymes

oxygen —> respiration

for the practical for investigating the conditions that plants need to germinate what are the 4 tubes that we need

1 tube that has seeds and wet cotton wool

1 tube that has seeds and dry cotton wool

1 tube that has seeds, wet cotton wool but in a cold environment such as a fridge

1 tube that has seeds, oil, boiled water and cotton wool.

what are the results for each tube

tube 1 germinates

tube 2 doesnt

tube 3 doesnt

tube 4 doesnt

how do germinating seeds use food

when the seed absorbs water

enzymes activate breaking down starch to produce glucose

when the seeds grow eventually leaves grow

glucose is then used for respiration.

what is the natural method and artificial method for asexual reproduction

runners

cutting

what is a runner

a long horizontal stem that grows along the ground from the parent plant

what is cutting

piece of plant that is cut off and is planted in soil or water to grow into anew plant

in the plant what is the female and male parts called

female- carpel

male- stamen

what does the male plant part contain

anther

filament

what does the female part plant contain

stigma

style

ovary