Chapter 10 religion test

pilgrims

people who journey to a shrine or other holy place for spiritual reasons

pilgrimage

a journey to a shrine or other holy place for spiritual reasons

sites of pilgrimage in early church - Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantinople

lay investiture

the illicit practice by secular leaders to invest, or empower, a leader of the church with authority

Christendom

a cultural and political atmosphere when nearly everyone was Catholic and Catholicism influenced nearly every aspect of people’s lives

heresy

opinions or beliefs contrary to religious doctrine

Crusade

a series of medival military expeditions made by Europeans to the Holy Land in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries

transubstantiation

the term used to describe the changing of the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of the Christ that takes place during the Consecration of the mass, by the Power of the Holy Spirit through the words and actions of the priests

theology

the study of God from Greek theos meaning God

friar

comes from the Latin word frater meaning brother

mendicant

living by begging

feudalism

a system in which landowners were the most powerful class in society and peasants were required to serve them by working the land

Why did most of the people at this time accept feudalism?

the people believed that this lifestyle was what God intended their lives to be

Why did cities grow larger?

the crusades brought back ideas and inventions which expanded non-agricultural businesses, so towns expanded. Peasants began to move to towns to get work in non-agricultural jobs

How did the human knowledge base begin to grow?

great universities were formed as centers for learning

corruption

dishonest or fraudulent conduct by people in power; typically involving bribery or payment for services

Who was the Pope recognized as throughout Europe?

the supreme leader; both political and religious leader

Who were living lavish lifestyles?

bishops and abbots; only concerned about money or power

What does lay investiture oppose?

the Church’s teaching that bishops are the successors of the apostles

Apostolic succession is denied with lay investiture

When was Pope Gregory VII elected? When did he stop guiding the church?

1073, 1805

What were the Gregorian reforms?

• celibacy

• forbidding of lay investiture

• banning simony - buying and selling of spiritual things, services, or positions within the church

simony

buying and selling of spiritual things, services, or positions within the church

Fourth Lateran Council

• Pope Innocent III

• Rome

• 1215

• 1200 Church leaders

Decisions of Fourth Lateran Council

• Catholics must receive Eucharist at least once a year

• transubstantiation - term decided upon

Culture of the time

• Church law and structure influenced all aspects of life in the late Middle Ages

• Church and political leaders feared anyone whom they believed posed a threat to the faith

• this fear brought about an official court called the Inquisition

The Inquisition

• 1231

• Pope Gregory IX (9)

• official court created for the purpose of investigating and trying suspected heretics

• the court could impose fines, imprison people, and even condemn heretics to death

Under which Pope did later courts torture people to get them to admit their heresies?

Pope Innocent IV

Why was there a sad outcome of the Inquisition?

the court did not model the teachings of Jesus Christ, some people lost faith in Church leadership. people had a negative attitude towards the Church and the faith