AP World Semester 1 Review

Hinduism

India

characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Polytheistic

The Vedas

No known founder

Judaism

Israel/Palestine

Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it.

Monotheistic

Old Testament

Abraham and the Hebrew people.

Christianity

Judea

A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus

Monotheistic

New Testament

Jesus Christ

Islam

Mecca

Submission to the will of Allah

Monotheistic

Quran

Muhammad

5 pillars of Islam

belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage

Confucianism

China

the importance of having a good moral character,

Lunyu (Analects)

Kong Zi

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Buddhism

India

human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana

Tipitakas

Siddhartha Gautama

Types of Buddhism

Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan, Zen

Daoism

China

emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Tao te Ching

Laozi

Yin and Yang

In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Enlightenment ideas

the philosophers were against absolutism and wanted the government to refom

Enlightenment thinkers

John Locke Thomas Hobbes Baron de Montesquieu Voltaire

The Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Napoleon

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Chinese Dynasties

Ming, Qing, Song, Sui, Tang

Song Dynasty

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

Ming dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.

Sui Dynasty

(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

civil service system

the practice of hiring government workers on the basis of open, competitive examinations and merit

Silk road trade

The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization.

Silk Road - goods and ideas (types of item)

Luxury items - silk, cloth, gold, precious stones

Paper money used to trade

called "silk" road because of amount of silk that flowed westward across it from China

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Foot Binding

Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, begun in the Tang dynasty; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Genghis Khan

Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.

Missionary work in Asia

There were also numerous missionary efforts from Europe to Asia, primarily by Franciscan, Dominican, or Jesuit missionaries

Towns in the Middle Ages

In the center of the town was the market square, church or cathedral, clock, and town hall. The cobblestone streets were narrow and constructed for pedestrian use. They were likely to be higher than the houses

Trade in the Middle Ages

The development of capitalism. The creation of guilds. The growth of cities as merchants settled near fortified castles, or monasteries

Feudalism

A system of government based on landowners and tenants

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

The Church in the Middle Ages

Religion was a unifying source, all medieval Christians were subject to canon law, king obeyed popes command

Monasteries

Religious community where Christians called monks gave up their possessions and devoted their lives to serving God.

Knights

in the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord

The Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.- Pope Urban II

The Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Inquisition

The Inquisition was a powerful office set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Europe and the Americas. Beginning in the 12th century and continuing for hundreds of years, the Inquisition is infamous for the severity of its tortures and its persecution of Jews and Muslims.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

English Bill of Rights

1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

The Ottoman empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

Sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

Jizya

The tax on people in the Umayyad Caliphate who did not convert to Islam.

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Great Schism of 1054

the official split between the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church in the East

Constantinope

Capital of Byzantium, conquered by Turks in 1453

Mahamet/Ali

Emperor of Ottoman empire at time of constantinople siege

Indian Ocean Trade

connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.

Bantu Migration

The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

Swahili language

the Arabic language and Bantu language mixed together to from this type of language.

East African city states

Kilwa- Island off E Africa Middlemen in trade in IO Attacked by Portugal Mombasa- Kenya Indian Ocean slave trade Capital of IO trade Attacked by Portugal

African religions

diviners/healers; Christianity; Judaism; Islam All monotheistic When folllowing Islam= good relationship with merchants

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

Salt and Gold trade

Camel caravans from North Africa carried bars of salt as well as cloth, tobacco, and metal tools across the Sahara to trading centers like Djenne and Timbuktu on the Niger River. Some items for which the salt was traded include gold, ivory, slaves, skins, kola nuts, pepper, and sugar.

Mali

Golden Age and Mansa Musa Muslim leader, but tolerant of local traditions

Hajj puts Mali on the Map (1200 slaves and 300 lbs gold) Timbuktu becomes center for learning

Mali declines bc of weak leaders, rebellions of conquered people,

Berbers take over

Songhai

Western Africa

Timbuktu- educational learning center

Sunni Ali and Askia Muhamad

Gold and Salt trade

Islamic

Encouraged Muslim scholars in Timbuktu

Civil war=decline

Ghana

Prospers due to conquered peoples paying tribute to the Ghana (king)

Land of Gold- access to gold mines in the South

converts to Islam

Commoners continue traditional lifestyles

Ghana declines changing trade routes and attacks by others (ex Berbers)

Slave Trade

European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Triangle Trade

the extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic

Why was the renaissance in Italy?

Growing cities, merchants, and live in Old Rome.

The Prince

Written by machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Northern Renaissance

An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance

Reformation

a 16th century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

Motivations for exploration

God, Gold, Glory

Technology used in exploration

built better ships; magnetic compass; astrolabe; advanced the art of cartography

Explorers

Christopher Columbus, Vasco De Gama, Magellan, Dias, Balboa

Latin American settlement

Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Western Hemisphere laid the basis for societies now seen as characteristic of Latin America.

Plantations

Huge farms that required a large labor force to grow crops

Casta system

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories. Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattoes

Encomienda System

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

Mita system

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

What is the order of the Chinese dynasties?

Sui-Tang-Song-Yuan-Ming

What were the caliphates?

Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.

Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258).

Who was the golden horde?

the group of settled Mongols who ruled over Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova, and the Caucasus from the 1240s until 1502.

Who were the medici?

an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first consolidated power in the Republic of Florence under Cosimo de' Medici, during the first half of the 15th century.

Who conquered the Inca?

Francisco Pizarro

What are the 4 noble truths? - Buddhism

the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering.

What was the role of women in Ghana?

Had more importance and rights

Gold and Salt Trade

most commonly brought gold and salt from mines in West Africa to kingdoms in Europe and the Middle East

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trans-Saharan trade is trade between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa, it requires travel across the Sahara. - gold salt trade, caravans

Tokigawa shogunate

led by a military ruler, called a shogun, with the help of a class of military lords, called daimyō.

Who was Charlemagne?

King of the Franks, holy roman empire

Protestant reformation

The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. - Martin Luther