history10

heliocentric

based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

humanism

an intellectual movement at the heart of the renaissance that focused on education on the classics

indulgences

in the roman catholic church, pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime

patron

person who provides financial support for the arts

perspective

artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a 3D effect

predestination

calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

the prince

written by machiavelli and published in 1513, a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power

protestant

religious thinkers calling for change within the catholic church

act of supremacy

passed and created by henry viii in 1534, made him “the only supreme head on earth of the church of england”

realism

representing humans and landscapes in a realistic way

renaissance

western europe’s golden age in the arts and literature from the 1300s-1500s

sect

subgroup of a major religious group

theocracy

government run by religious leaders

vernacular

everyday language of ordinary people

Utopia

book st thomas more wrote that describes an idea society in which men and women live in peace and harmony

95 theses

martin luther’s arguments against indulgences; put it in the door of wittenberg’s church

Nicolaus Copernicus

in 1543, polish astronomer concluded the sun is the center of the universe around which the earth and the other planets revolve

Rene Descartes

in early 1600s, rejected aristotle’s scientific assumptions and challenged medieval scholars who tried to make physical world fit in with teachings of the church

emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding; Discourse on Method; “i think, therefore i am”

Johannes Gutenberg

created the printing press and printed the first complete edition of the chrisitian bible using his press

Henry VIII

second tudor king of england; his desire for a male heir was the cause of the break with the roman catholic church and the formation of the church of england

Leonardo da Vinci

considered the ideal renaissance man; interested in botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering; Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote The Prince (about realistic political power); argued that the end justified the means in politics

Lorenzo Medici

represented the renaissance ideal; known as “the magnificent”; politician who held florence together through difficult times; generous supporter of the arts

Michelangelo

known for his sculpture, engineering, architecture, and poems; built the statue David; painted biblically themed ceiling murals for the sistine chapel in rome; designed the dome of st. peter’s cathedral in rome and later a model for the u.s. capitol

Isaac Newton

one of the most important figures of the scientific revolution; 3 laws of motion formed the basic principles of modern physics and led to the law of gravity; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

Francesco Petrarch

assembled a library of greek and roman manuscripts gathered from monasteries nd churches to help preserve classic works for future generations; father of humanism

Sir Thomas More

member of the british parliament during the reign of henry viii; wrote Utopia (describing an ideal society

William Shakespeare

famous poet and playwright during the reign of queen elizabeth i; wrote 37 plays b/w 1590-1613; invented words and phrases used today and took a humanist approach to his characters

Be able to explain the reasons that the Renaissance began in Italy.

1. (HISTORY) italy was the center of ancient roman civilization:

   • remains, ancient statues, coins, etc. were reminders of the glory of ancient rome

   • italy’s cities thrived during the middle ages with its city-states growing into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing

2. (GEOGRAPHY) along italy’s coastline, ships brought goods, people, and ideas from the muslim world, and many greek and roman texts were recovered through these trading contacts

3. (GEOGRAPHY) wealthy and powerful merchants emerged and promoted the cultural rebirth and interest to shape renaissance italy by spending lavishly to support the arts

Be able to describe the discovery made by Galileo Galilei that caused conflict with the Church, why the conflict occurred and the result for Galileo.

1. why: scholars attacked him because his observations contradicted ancient views about the world, specifically his observation that the four moons of Jupiter moves slowly Jupiter)

2. why: it challenged the christian teaching that the heavens were fixed, unmoving, and perfect

3. result: tried before the inquisition, spend the rest of his life under house arrest, agreed to say that the earth stood motionless at the center of the earth publicly in court (legend says when he left the court, said “and yet it moves”)

Be able to explain why Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses and how they led to the start of Lutheranism. (remember Martin Luther did not set out to create a new religion).

1. WHY: luther was furious that people could pay for indulgences and think they were saved instead of seeking true repentance for their sins

2. wrote the 95 theses arguing against indulgences and copies of it were printed and distributed throughout europe, in which the church called him to recant, but he instead wrote more radical documents

3. had many powerful supporters in germany and scandinavia; lutherans used a new name “protestant” for those who protested against papal authority and won widespread support for many reasons

Be able to describe two key similarities between Lutheranism and Calvinism that are different than Catholicism.  Be able to explain a key difference between Lutheranism and Calvinism. 

1. SIMILARITY: bible alone is source of truth

   • denies other traditional authorities, such as church councils or the pope

2. SIMILARITY: accepts some sacraments but rejects others because rituals cannot erase sin — only God can

   • rejected because the bible doesn’t mention them

3. DIFFERENCE: in lutheranism, salvation is achieved through faith. in calvinism, God alone predetermines who will be saved.

   • lutheranism: rejected church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation

   • calvinism: taught that humans were by nature — sinful, so calvinists tried to live like saints, believing only those who were saved could live truly christian lives