L II = Semantics: meaning, the linguistic sign, the concept

two POVS of meaning?

1. External

2. Internal

Internal POV of meaning?

set of semantic elements (sememes) making up the whole meaning

External POV of meaning?

reflection of the extra-linguistic reality

which science studies signs in communication?

semiotics

what is a sign?

something that represents something else, carrier of information from person A to person B

types of signs?

1. verbal = words

2. non-verbal = gestures

categories of signs?

1. Icon

2. Index

3. Symbol

4. Signal

what is an ICON?

imitation of reality (not arbitrary) = picture, painting, photography, panáček pro označení záchodu

what is an INDEX?

not fully arbitrary → symptoms (cloud for rain, paw prints for animals)

what is a SYMBOL?

relation is fully arbitrary = letter of the alphabet and their respective sounds

Two models of linguistic signs?

1. Bilateral

2. Three-part model

Who is the author of the Bilateral model?

Ferdinand de Saussure

parts of bilateral model

signifier → signified; form → content

author of the Three-part model?

Ogden + Richard

parts of the three-part model?

words → concepts → things

what is a concept?

nucleus of the lexical meaning (česky pojem)

concept x notion?

concept = abstraction in human mind, the understanding of essential features, changes with the development of knowledge
notion = subjective, dependent on personal experience

extralinguistic reality is both polymorphous and amorphous and results in?

vagueness of meaning