sences exam4

occipital lobe

processes visual information.

primary visual cortex

It helps us perceive distance and recognize what we are seeing.

rember parts of the ear

bones in middle ear

magnify the force

oval window

leads to inner ear

bone deafness

deafness in middle ear arthritis in bones.

tempatic membrane

moves with air pressure

audition)

compression of air measured by wave lengths

wavelengths

measured by crest to crest or trough to trough

wavelength crest

top

wavelenght trough

bottom

hertz

number of waves over a unit of time (Hz)

Cocula size

proportional to the size of the ear and the size of the head

cocula size and fequancy

different sizes affect what ferquncess can be heard

adults hear

15-20 Hz kids is higher

circular window

helps push liquid in ear to oval window

kills hair cells in ear

loud music

auditory nerve

found in ear

air in middle ear

leads to an earache

pitch

lots of waveleangths

hight in wavelengths

tall= loud short= quiet

car sickness

auditory system

It is responsible for hearing and processing sound.

audition

the sense of hearing.

pinna

collects sound waves and directs them into the ear canal outside ear

the basilar membrane

responds to sound waves and sends signals to the auditory nerve.

action potentail in ear

ion gates open

localized sound

louder if closer, farther away quieter

echolocation

bats use, sends signal that bounces off of things and goes backl to the bats to tell it information

music in lobes

average= in right lobe mussicans in left lobe ( good in math and science)

Borcas area

languge production if damaged you cannot produce languge anymore only sounds

wernicks area

understanding languge if damaged you lose ability to understand languge

knowledge of where you are

semi--circular canals sends info to parital lobe and tells you were you are in space( rightside up or upside down)

measuerd by taste

sweet(sugar), salty(salt), Sour(lemon/acids), bitter(base), and savory(umami/Msg)

taste

sensations experienced by receptors on our tongues and upper palate.

taste buds

modified skin cells, receptors for taste

new taste buds

after eating extremly hot food or drinks

papillae

holds tastes buds 0-10 about 50-500 recepters

salt

direct and causes action potentials (sodium channels)

sour

closes potassiom channals stops the action potential

supertaster

has more papillaries

flavor

taste and smell

miracle fruit, miraculin

Makes sour sweet activates sweet receptors

gymhema sylvestre

stops receptors for sweet/bitter from sending active potental

nutritional wisdom

Cravings during pregnancy, most women do not eat bitter foods.

cross-adaptation

the effect of adapting one substance raises the thershold to another (getting used to eating sour/sweet)

cross- enhancement

The effect of adapting one substance lowers the threashold to another (eating after brushing teeth)

spit and taste

Saliva is produced before eating, so it can attach to papillae and help you taste food

olfaction

Smell is a chemical sense very direct

olfactory receptors

are on the olfactory epithelium

olfactory epithelium

part of the brain that sicks out of the nose whole

pheromones in humans

chemocommunication between organisms. produced by specialized organs by products of excrection/defecation transfered by microorganisms

pheromones specilties

able to tell species,strain/individual,posession/ and sexual receptiveness

phermons where

attached usually attached to hair receptors in the nose

vomeronasal organ

located in your nose receptor for pheromones 2 pits

steps of smelling

chemical message goes to 2nd messenger then to cerebral cortex then to hippocampus(learning/mem) then ti amygdala (emo) then to hypothalamus

endorphins

endogenous painkillers (phineas Gage)

child birth

releases cortisol which blocks memories of pain

brocken heart syndrome

heart changes shape/ doesn't function as well

Somatosensation

the sense of the body and its movement

semi circular canals

on xyz axis, filled with liquid, tells you directional movement

utricle

has otoliths in it, tells right side up vs right side down

Temperature

able to distinguish between hot/cold

touch

deep pressure and pain

touch receptors

found in skin 700 touch recetors (free nerve endings)

free nerve endings

respond to touch, pain, and temp. unmyelinated( unprotected)

Pacinian corpuscles

respond to displacement of the skin or vibration ( looks like an onion) sodium rushes into the cell and causes an action potential

pain

is good tells you some tissue damage in the body snd you should stop

congenital analgesia

intensitivity to pain CIP

gate theory of pain

located in spinal cord, small fibers and large fibers

small fibers

action potentals going through small fibers is painful

accupunture

An action potential going through large fibers is not painful

neurotransmitter glutamate

mild pain

neurotransmitter substance p

sevire pain

congulate cortex

collects pain info thalamus, amygdala(emo), hippocampus(learning), and prefrontal cortex(interpatation)

endorpin types

all are receptor blockers do not fire.

beta endorphine and dynorphine

both are released by pituitary gland and act as a NT

MET and Lukephain

peptids (chains of amino acids)

aspirin

(ASA) works within cells to release arachidonic acid.

Prostaglandins

Metabolites cause pain, but aspirin stops it.

Capsin

in pepers sends signal to brain that "this is hot" instead of "this is painful"

new pain reliever

suzetigine cjournaux inhibits na+ in the pns

sleep

a physical state in which a person becomes relatively physicaly inactive and unaware of the environment occurs in 90 min cycles

non rem- non rapid eye movement

stage 1- drowsy stage 2- real sleep light stage 3-deep sleep. slow wave delta sleep

What happens in non REM

body repairs itself growth hormone is excreted maintains muscle tone

rem sleep rapid eye movement

higher order learning, dream sleep loses musscle tone and is restoritive and good for learning

sleep deprivation

crabby, hallucinate, irrtated and mood swings

long/ short sleepers

adults sleep 7.5 to 9 hours

lark

morning person

owl

night person (most common)

sleep hygene

temperature ebbs and flows

Sleep less when temp decreases

aviod b4 sleep

caffine, nic, and alchol

regulating sleep

keep regular hours even on weekends and keep same anchor hours (same 3 hours)

bedroom

sleep and sex

how long to fall asleep

15 mins

naps

no naps after 5 yo if you do nap 20 min, 1.5, or 3 hours

sllep on eeg

sleep and awake looks the same on an eeg because the muscles are paralzed

teenagers in sleep

they get onset delay biological thing

adhd in sleep

ADHD and sleep deprivation have virtually the same symptoms in children