Stomach and Duodenum Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the stomach and duodenum anatomy and functions, including disorders, diagnostic methods, and treatment procedures.

Gastric Cancer

Fifth most common cancer diagnosis worldwide, associated with high-risk factors such as H. pylori infection, chronic gastritis, and certain dietary habits.

Dumping Syndrome

A physiological response to rapid gastric emptying into the small intestine, characterized by symptoms such as cramping, nausea, and reactive hypoglycemia.

Pyloric Sphincter

A muscular valve controlling the emptying of stomach contents into the duodenum.

Gastritis

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa which can be classified as acute or chronic, with various causes including H. pylori infection and the use of NSAIDs.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Excavation in gastric, pyloric, duodenal, or esophageal mucosa, commonly associated with H. pylori infection and NSAID use.

Peritoneum

A membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs.

Duodenum

The first portion of the small intestine, approximately 25 cm long, that connects the stomach to the jejunum and receives secretions from the pancreas and gallbladder.

H. pylori

A spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa and is the primary causative agent in peptic ulcer disease.

Vagotomy

A surgical procedure involving the severing of the vagus nerve to decrease gastric acid secretion.

Gastric Secretions

Substances secreted by gastric glands including hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus, which aid in digestion.

Hematemesis

Vomiting blood, often an indicator of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Melena

Black, tarry stools that indicate the presence of occult blood, commonly associated with upper GI bleeding.

Bile

A digestive fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies fats for easier digestion and absorption.

Intrinsic Factor

A glycoprotein secreted by gastric mucosa necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12.

Antrectomy

A surgical procedure involving the removal of the lower antrum of the stomach, part of gastric cancer treatment.

Clinical Presentation

The observable signs and symptoms associated with a specific disease or condition.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

A procedure used to visualize the upper gastrointestinal tract for diagnosing conditions such as gastritis and cancers.

Pyloric Stenosis

Narrowing of the pyloric sphincter which can lead to gastric outlet obstruction.

Peritonitis

An inflammation of the peritoneum, often resulting from infection or irritation, can lead to severe complications.

Gastric Outlet Obstruction

A mechanical impediment to normal gastric emptying at the pylorus or duodenum, often secondary to peptic ulcer disease.

Chyme

Partially digested food that is mixed with gastric secretions in the stomach.

Vagal Innervation

Parasympathetic nerve supply that stimulates gastric activity, affecting secretion and motility.

Cutaneous Signs

Signs visible on the skin that may indicate internal conditions, relevant in abdominal assessments.

Anatomical Regions

Specific sections used to describe locations in the abdomen, such as quadrants and the nine regions identified in physical assessments.

Intrinsic Factors

Various elements within the body that can influence processes such as digestion and absorption.

Acid Secretion

The process by which the stomach produces hydrochloric acid, aiding in digestion.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes the 'rest and digest' functions, including stimulating gastric secretions.