AP Psychology Unit 14
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51 Terms
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
app: sociology
Attribution Theory
The theory that explains someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
app: context or character
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to explain someone's behavior by overemphasizing personal traits and underemphasizing situations.
app: overattributing character
Attitude
Feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
app: demeanor
Peripheral Route Persuasion
Influence through incidental cues like attractiveness rather than the content of the message.
app: pretty people being in commercials
Central Route Persuasion
Influence through thoughtful consideration of the arguments presented.
app: smart people being in commercials
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
The tendency for compliance with a large request after agreeing to a small one.
app: asking more and more
Role
Expectations defining how individuals in a social position should behave.
app: gender norms
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Acting to reduce discomfort when thoughts and actions are inconsistent.
app: when we become awarethat our attitudes and our actionsclash, we can reduce the resultingdissonance by changing ourattitudes.
Conformity
Adjusting behavior or thinking to match a group standard.
app: act normal
Normative Social Influence
Influence from a desire for approval or fear of disapproval.
app: validation
Informational Social Influence
Influence from accepting others' opinions about reality.
app: learning
Social Facilitation
Improved performance on tasks in the presence of others.
app: pressure
Social Loafing
Exerting less effort in a group than individually.
app: group projects
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness and restraint in group situations.
app: peer pressure
Group Polarization
Enhancement of prevailing inclinations through group discussion.
app: strengthening opinion after validation
Groupthink
Desire for harmony overriding realistic appraisal in decision-making groups.
app: conflict avoidance
Culture
Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group.
app: MCC
Norm
Accepted and expected behavior rules.
app: basic
Prejudice
Unjustifiable negative attitude, beliefs, and predisposition to discriminatory action.
app: manifestation of a stereotpye
Stereotype
Generalized belief about a group.
app: basis for prejudice
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group.
app: jim crow south
Just-World Phenomenon
Belief that the world is just and people get what they deserve.
app: how it is is how its meant to be
Ingroup
Group to which an individual belongs.
app: us
Outgroup
Group to which an individual does not belong.
app: them
Ingroup Bias
Favoring one's group over others.
app: for us
Scapegoat Theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
app: redirecting anger based on prejudices
Other-Race Effect
Recalling faces of one's race more accurately than others.
app: recognizing distinctions among own race better than others
Aggression
Physical or verbal behavior intended to harm.
app: meanie
Frustration-Aggression Principle
Frustration leading to anger and aggression.
app: 3 stages of grrr
Social Script
Culturally modeled guide for behavior in various situations.
app: follows norms
Mere Exposure Effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
app: more see = more like
Passionate Love
Intense absorption in another at the start of a relationship.
app: honeymoon
Companionate Love
Deep affectionate attachment in long-term relationships.
app: marriage (hopefully)
Equity
Giving and receiving in proportion in a relationship.
app: requited love
Self-Disclosure
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
app: opening up
Altruism
Unselfish concern for others' welfare.
app: genuine concern
Bystander Effect
Less likelihood of aid when others are present.
app: “they’ll get it”
Social Exchange Theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
app: we want good
Reciprocity Norm
Expectation to help those who have helped.
app: pay it forward
Social-Responsibility Norm
Expectation to help those in need.
app: do your part
Conflict
Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
app: something against another
Social Trap
situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self- interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
app: selfishness
Mirror-Image Perceptions
Conflicting parties viewing each other as evil and themselves as ethical.
app: bias
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Belief leading to its own fulfillment.
app: manifiestation
Superordinate Goals
Shared goals requiring cooperation that override differences.
app: we want the same thing, lets get it instead of arguing
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
app: reduce conflict and tension
Philip Zimbardo
Stanford psychologist
app: Stanford Prison Experiment.
Leon Festinger
Social psychologist
app: cognitive dissonance theory.
Solomon Asch
Gestalt psychologist
app: conformity.
Stanley Milgram
Student of Solomon Asch
app: shocks experiment.