ap world S2 1900-present

terms

Environmental Protection

clean air act (1970) , environmental protection agency

Red guard

young chinese militants who identified enemies of communism

cultural revolution

mao zedong’s order to purge communist party of its opponents

great leap forward

zedong’s effort to industrialize china, (maximize output of small villages, mass collectivization) ended up killing around 20-30 million people

anwar al-sadat

egyptian politician, played us and soviet union against each other during

non-aligned nation

/third-world, a country that doesn’t align itself with any major power (mainly US or Soviet Union)

ernesto guavera

argentinian chief liutenant, marxist, refomed economy

bay of pigs

US trianed cuban exiles to overthow fidel castro, invaded at cuban Bay of Pigs, quickly beaten

Jacobo Arbenz

(guatemala) advocated against foreign interest and for land reform, socialist

apartheid

south african social class divisions based on race

nationalism

ideology that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to a nation, asserting that a nation should be congruent with the state

Helsinki Accords

affirmed boundaries of Warsaw pact, national boundaries after ww2, aimed to reduce cold war tensions

non-proliferation treaty

started by US and Soviet Union, signed by 137 countries, agreement to stop spread of nuclear weapons between nuclear and non-nuclear states

cuban missile crisis

standoff between US and Soviet Union about sending nukes to cuba and accepting cuban communist gov.

vietnam war

conflict between US and Vietnam over the spread of communism by Vietnamese president Ho Chi Minh

Korean War

Conflict between North Korea + China and US + South Korea, reached stalemate and agreed to truce

Leonid Brezhnev

communist leader of russia 1964-1982

Common market/european economic community

treaty between some western europe countries, eliminating trade barriers, fostering economic cooperation, and promoting interdependence among member nations

Marshall plan

US plan to financially support rebuild of europe after ww2, to foster economic growth

truman doctrine

US foreign policy initiative by harry truman that pledged American support to democratic nations threatened by authoritarian forces, particularly communist expansion

United Nations

treaty started by US, britain, soviet union, china to maintain peace, consists of General assembly and Security Council

Warsaw Pact

created by soviets to counter NATO

NATO

alliance of US and Europe, attack one country attack all

Cold War

tension between us and soviet union + allies, involved struggle for global influence, arms race, proxy wars, and technological competition, no direct military conflict

fidel castro

great depression

caused by stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, and dust bowl, throughout the world, lasted until 1939

August 6, 1945 + August 9, 1945

bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Victory in Japan Day

August 14, 1945—Japan lays down arms and signs treaty, official end of WW2

VE Day

May 7, 1945—Victory in Europe + end of war in europe

D-Day

June 6, 1944—Britain, America, and Canada sent troops to Normandy

Battle of Midway

May 1942—turning point of WW2, Japan lost 4/ aircraft carriers

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941—Japan bombed US and brought US into WW2

Battle of Stalingrad

turning point, gave USSR an advantage in WW2

blitzkrieg (lightning war)

German army’s style of fighting where planes fired on an army and the infantry cornered them

Long March

Walk by Mao Zedong and communist followers to Shaanxi to escape Chinese government pressure

Communism

ideology within the socialist movement that envisions a society characterized by common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange, allocating resources based on need. It aims to eliminate private property, social classes, and ultimately money and the state

Mao Zedong

leader of Chinese communist party (founded 1921)

Chiang Kai-shek

Chinese president, challenged by communism

appeasement

efforts by other countries to compromise with Hitler to avoid war and spread of communism and fascism

League of Nations

founded between countries after WW1 to advocate for peace

Nazis

led by Hitler, National socialist german workers’ party

fascism

far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized power, militarism, and the forcible suppression of opposition

Benito Mussolini

fascist italian dictator

NKVD

Stalin’s secret police force, fought rebellion with fear

collectivization

consolidation of private farms into collectives, making farmers work together, gave a set amount of food to gov. and kept the rest (usually not enough)

Five-Year Plan

Stalin’s plan to rapidly industrialize USSR before WW2

Josef Stalin

leader of Soviet communist party, part of russian revolutions of 1917

African National Congress

wanted equal voting/civil rights for black people in South Africa

Juan Peron

led military revolt in 1943, became dictator, inspired by Nazis

Jose Uriburu

general in argentina, overthrew the president (1930) ruled 13 yrs

majarahas

ruling pinces in India who owned land

Mohandas Ghandi

kept India from succumbing to harsh British repression through peaceful protests

ahimsa/ satyagraha

(nonviolence/search for truth) preached by Ghandi

Walk to the Sea/ Salt March

act of civil disobedience led by Ghandi in March/April 1930

Muhammed Ali Jinnah

demanded Pakistan for Muslims, led to split of India into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India

Jane Addams

founded Settlement House, recieved Nobel Peace prize (1931)

Margaret Sanger

created Birth Control and founded planned parenthood

Art/Social/Science revolutionaries

Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Pablo Picasso, Igor Stravinsky, Wilbur+Orville Wright, Marie Curie, Baron Pierre de Coubertin