APWH 1900-present

WW1 origins-2000, Units 7, 8, 9

Environmental Protection

clean air act (1970), Environmental Protection Agency

Red Guard

young Chinese militants who identified enemies of communism

Cultural Revolution

Zedong’s order to purge China of the enemies of communism

Great Leap Forward

Zedong’s effort to industrialize China, (maximize output of small villages, mass collectivization), failed horribly, ended up killing around 20-30 million people

Anwar al-Sadat

Egyptian president during 1900s, played US and Soviet Union against each other during Cold War

non-aligned nation

/third-world, a country that doesn’t align itself with any major power (mainly US or Soviet Union)

Bay of Pigs

US trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro, invaded at Cuban Bay of Pigs, quickly beaten

Apartheid

South African social class divisions based on race

Nationalism

ideology that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to a nation, asserting that a nation should be congruent with the state

Helsinki Accords

affirmed boundaries of Warsaw Pact, national boundaries after WW2, aimed to reduce cold war tensions

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

started by US and Soviet Union, signed by 137 countries, agreement to stop spread of nuclear weapons between nuclear and non-nuclear states

Cuban Missile Crisis

standoff between US and Soviet Union about sending nukes to cuba and accepting cuban communist gov.

vietnam war

conflict between US and Vietnam over the spread of communism by Vietnamese president Ho Chi Minh

Korean War

Conflict between North Korea + China and US + South Korea, reached stalemate and agreed to truce

Leonid Brezhnev

communist leader of russia 1964-1982

Common market/european economic community

treaty between some western europe countries, eliminating trade barriers, fostering economic cooperation, and promoting interdependence among member nations

Marshall plan

US plan to financially support rebuild of europe after ww2, to foster economic growth

Truman Doctrine

US foreign policy initiative that pledged American support to democratic nations threatened by authoritarian forces, particularly communist expansion

United Nations

treaty started by US, britain, soviet union, china to maintain peace, consists of General assembly and Security Council

Warsaw Pact

created by soviets to counter NATO

NATO

alliance of US and Europe, (attack one country attack all)

Cold War

tension between us and soviet union + allies, involved struggle for global influence, arms race, proxy wars, and technological competition, no direct military conflict

great depression

caused by stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, and dust bowl, throughout the world, lasted until 1939

August 6, 1945 + August 9, 1945

bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Victory in Japan Day

August 14, 1945—Japan lays down arms and signs treaty, official end of WW2

VE Day

May 7, 1945—Victory in Europe + end of war in europe

D-Day

June 6, 1944—Britain, America, and Canada sent troops to Normandy

Battle of Midway

May 1942—turning point of WW2, Japan lost 4/ aircraft carriers

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941—Japan bombed US and brought US into WW2

Battle of Stalingrad

turning point, gave USSR an advantage in WW2

blitzkrieg (lightning war)

German army’s style of fighting where planes fired on an army and the infantry cornered them

Long March

Walk by Mao Zedong and communist followers to Shaanxi to escape Chinese government pressure

Communism

ideology within the socialist movement that envisions a society characterized by common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange, allocating resources based on need. It aims to eliminate private property, social classes, and ultimately money and the state

Mao Zedong

leader of Chinese communist party (founded 1921)

Chiang Kai-shek

Chinese president, challenged by communism

appeasement

efforts by other countries to compromise with Hitler to avoid war and spread of communism and fascism

League of Nations

founded between countries after WW1 to advocate for peace

Nazis

led by Hitler, National socialist german workers’ party

fascism

far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized power, militarism, and the forcible suppression of opposition

Benito Mussolini

fascist italian dictator

NKVD

Stalin’s secret police force, fought rebellion with fear

collectivization

consolidation of private farms into collectives, making farmers work together, gave a set amount of food to gov. and kept the rest (usually not enough)

Five-Year Plan

Stalin’s plan to rapidly industrialize USSR before WW2

Josef Stalin

leader of Soviet communist party, part of russian revolutions of 1917

African National Congress

wanted equal voting/civil rights for black people in South Africa

Juan Peron

led military revolt in 1943, became dictator, inspired by Nazis

majarahas

ruling pinces in India who owned land

Mohandas Ghandi

kept India from succumbing to harsh British repression through peaceful protests

ahimsa/ satyagraha

(nonviolence/search for truth) preached by Ghandi

Walk to the Sea/ Salt March

act of civil disobedience led by Ghandi in March/April 1930

Muhammed Ali Jinnah

demanded Pakistan for Muslims, led to split of India into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India

Jane Addams

founded Settlement House, recieved Nobel Peace prize (1931)

Margaret Sanger

created Birth Control and founded planned parenthood

Art/Social/Science revolutionaries

Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Pablo Picasso, Igor Stravinsky, Wilbur+Orville Wright, Marie Curie, Baron Pierre de Coubertin

urbanization

rapid growth and development of cities, fueled by industrialization and migration of people from rural areas to urban centers seeking jobs and opportunities

kabuki

Japanese theatrical art that influenced movies in the 1900s

zionism

a popular nationalist movement to create a Jewish state (Israel)

kibbutzim

communal farms of those supporting zionism

Mandate System

a movement after ww1 to divide up what was the Ottoman and German Empires

class A

part of the mandate system, more advanced countries that could be “independent” (with the '“help” of major powers)

class b

part of the mandate system, medium population, administrated by the Allied powers

class c

part of the mandate system, poorest region and largest population, underdeveloped

narikin

the “new rich” of Japan, more Westernized—including mobos and mogas (modern boys and modern girls)

Sun Yatsen

nationalist, socialist, patriotist, Confucian, attracted a large following

Guomindang

(National People’s Party) led by Sun Yatsen in China

New Economic Policy

policy created by Vladimir Lenin for the Soviet Union, designed to recover the economy from war/famine

USSR

Ukrainian and Russian alliance

Russian Civil War

communists (Red Army) vs. outside provinces, burned farms, stole crops, caused famine

1918-1922

Treaty of Versailles

signed June 1919, officially ended ww1

fourteen points

presented by woodrow wilson in january 1918, called for german evacuation of occupied land

october revolution

(1917) bolsheviks took St. petersburg

Vladimir Lenin

communist russian leader, led bolsheviks (Russian communists)

balfour declaration

(1912) statement favoring the establishment of a jewish state in palestine

Theodore Herzl

led the Zionist movement

Lusitania

Ship sunk by German submarines with Americans on board, led to US involvement in WW1

western front

the 300-mile line from the north sea to the switzerland border, where most fighting occurred, ended in stalemate

Great War/WW1

(1914-1918) first major world war

Triple entente

British, French, and Russian alliance of WW1

triple alliance

German, Austro-Hungarian, and Italian alliance during WW1

Franco-Prussian War

war in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to Austria-Hungary throne, assassinated in 1914, cause of WW1