2.4 (1) disease and defence mechanisms

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11 Terms

1

what is a disease?

a physical or mental disorder or malfunction with a characteristic set of symptoms.

this excludes disorders resulting from physical traumas.

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2

what are communicable diseases?

diseases that can be spread by pathogens between organisms, either of the same species or sometimes between different species

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3

what is a pathogen?

a microorganism or virus that enters another organism and causes communicable diseases

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4

what is the host?

the organism which a pathogen infects

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5

what are the four main categories of pathogens?

  • bacteria

  • viruses

  • fungi

  • protista

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6

what is an antigen?

a foreign structure on the surface of a pathogen that can be detected by antibodies and trigger an immune response.

they can be glycoproteins, glycolipids or polysaccharides

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7

what is an antibody?

a protein released by B lymphocytes that detects and binds to antigen, which helps neutralise or eliminate the attached pathogen.

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8

how does the skin defend us against infection?

  • it is a physical barrier consisting of keratin (hair) that prevents microorganisms from entering the body.

  • dead cells on the outer layer are difficult for pathogens to penetrate.

  • produces sebum (oil) which kills bacteria.

  • sebaceous glands on skin secrete lactic acid and fatty acids to prevent the growth of most bacteria.

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9

what are mucous membranes?

how do mucous membranes defend us from infection?

  • soft areas on the skin that are kept moist by mucous, such as the nose, eyes, airways, anus, genital openings.

  • the barrier they form is weaker than skin.

  • they secrete lysozymes, which kill bacteria by damaging their cell walls.

  • tears and mucus contain lysozymes.

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10

how do cilia and mucus defend us from infection?

  • cilia and mucus in the nose trap pathogens before they enter the respiratory system.

  • cilia in trachea waft mucus containing pathogens towards the throat where it is swallowed in the stomach.

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11

how does the stomach defend us from infection?

  • contains hydrochloric acid which destroys pathogens before they travel further down the digestive system.

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