UPCAT REVIEWER: GENERAL SCIENCE (ATMOSPHERE)

SCIENCE

• Product of human intelligence

• Systematized body of knowledge and facts about nature

• A logical, uniform system of thought

Observe
Infer
Measure
Classify
Experiment
Communicate

SIX MENTAL SKILLS

a. ____ – the use of all senses

b. ____ – ability to arrive at a conclusion without visual observation

c. ____ – ability to discern what is important or irrelevant

d. ____ – segregation of unrelated observations

e. ____ – a test carried out to verify or reject a claim

f. ____ – to relay information esp. the results of a study

Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning

WAYS OF ARRIVING AT ARRIVING AT A CONCLUSION:

Inductive reasoning

• Method of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific

  cases.

• Specific to General.

Deductive reasoning

• Analysis of specific cases using general principles

• General to Specific.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Observation
Identifying the problem
Formulating the hypothesis
Experimentation
Conclusion
Formation of law
Continual re-examination

• A process of gaining knowledge through objective procedures
  1. O___

  2. I___

  3. F___

  4. E____

  5. C____

  6. F____

  7. C____

HYPOTHESIS

• tentative explanation for a phenomenon

THEORY

• a hypothesis that has survived repeated challenges and accumulated substantial report; may be modified or discarded

LAW OR PRINCIPLE

• formal statement of the way in which events occur under given situation; factual and always correct

TECHNOLOGY

• application of science

Atmosphere

• all the air surrounding the earth, consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases.

• Blanket of air surrounding the earth

Nitrogen – most abundant (78% of the atmosphere)
Oxygen – 20%

Atmospheric gases:

Nitrogen

• most abundant (78% of the atmosphere)

Oxygen

• 21% of the atmosphere

Methane

• given off by decaying living things.

Carbon dioxide

• gas exhaled by man, animals, and given off by factories and vehicles.

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere

Layers of atmosphere: (T S M T E)

Troposphere
Tropopause

• layer of the atmosphere that is closest to the earth’s surface. It is the general conditions of the atmosphere (weather and climate) occur here.

• The topmost part is called the _.

Stratosphere

• minimal change of temperature is observed in this layer.

• Contains the Ozone Layer, which prevents the ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth’s surface.

Mesosphere
Mesopause

• a region in which the temperature drops steadily up to an altitude which is approximately 70-85 km above the Stratosphere.

• Where meteors burn up upon entering the earth’s atmosphere.

• The uppermost part is the _.

Thermosphere

• which approximately 600 km in thickness that has a temperature that rises steadily

• Where Aurora borealis occurs.

Exosphere

• the outmost region of the atmosphere which can be described on the basis of its temperature and behavior of neutral gases.

• 600 km to 10000 km

Hydrology
Humidity
Dew point
Drew
Frost
Cloud
Cumulus
Stratus
Cirrus
Fog
Cumulo-nimbus
Precipitation
Hydrologic cycle

The water in the Atmosphere:

Hydrology

• the study of earth on and within the earth

Humidity

• moisture content of the atmosphere

Dew point

• the temperature at which condensation of water molecules occurs

Drew

• the water droplets formed on the surface caused by condensation.

Frost

• at a very low temperature or at 0 ’C, water vapour will condense on surfaces as a solid.

Cloud

• very tiny droplets of water also condense in the sky

Cumulus

• if the cloud is piled up or accumulated, which is about 300 to 1,000 m above the earth’s surface. This is formed by the rapid rising of moist air over a small area and is usually noticed during fair weather

Stratus

• which is 2 to 7 km, the spread-out that looks like gray sheets at low levels

Cirrus

- a cloud that looks like fibers of hairs

Fog

– is also a cloud forms near the surface of the earth

Cumulo-nimbus

• nimbus means stormy

Precipitation

• any form of water that condenses and fails back to the earth’s surface

Hydrologic cycle

• the continuous cycle of water

Air Pressure
Newton
Pascal
Pressure

• _ force exerted by air on a given area. Measured in the SI or metric in Kg per cm(K/cm2). It changes as altitude changes.

 Remember:

• _ unit of force

• _ the unit of pressure

• _ the amount of force exerted per unit area

Wind
- South wind
- North wind
- Breeze
- Sea Breeze
- Monsoon
- Wind vane
- Anemometer
- Weather Balloon

__ - the horizontal movement of the air on the surface of the earth

• ___ wind coming from the south

• ___ wind coming from the north

• ___ a gentle wind

• ___ a breeze that originates from the ocean. During the night, the land cools faster than water; therefore, the warm air pushed upward, and the cooler air moves towards the land.

• ___ the changing direction of winds from season to season.

• ___ an apparatus that shows where the wind is coming from.

• ___ an instrument used to measure the wind speed

• ___ used to measure the wind speed

Low Pressure Area

• areas with rapidly decreasing pressure indicates an approaching storm

High Pressure Area

• this indicates clear skies and a dry condition.

Weather

• the state of the atmosphere with regard to temperature, cloudiness, rainfall, wind, and other meteorological conditions.

• Short term.

Climate

• the average weather or the regular variations in weather in a region over a period of years.

• Long term.