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Definition of Childcare
In-home care, childcare homes, and childcare centers.
Care provided to a child in their own home, often by a grandparent, extended family, or an adult employed by the family.
What are the key characteristics of good childcare?
Low adult-child ratio, groups, and training.
What percentage of children receive a great amount of positive childcare?
9%.
Impact of positive childcare
better cognitive functioning
better language development
greater school readiness
more cooperative behavior
less aggressive behavior
more obedience
more secure attachment
List a factor that leads to more positive childcare outcomes.
Positive behaviors combined with a small number of children.
examples of positive caregiving
positive physical contact
responsiveness to child
asking child questions
praise
encouraging learning
telling stories and singing songs
reading
eliminating negative interactions
safe and clean environment
practicing good hygiene
stimulating
positive attitude
What does a higher level of education from a caretaker indicate?
Childcare is more likely to be positive and helpful to the child’s development.
Childcare home
care provided to a child in another adult’s home
What percentage of children receive a fair amount of positive childcare?
30%
What percentage of children receive a smaller amount of positive childcare?
53%
What percentage of children receive hardly any of no amount of of positive childcare?
8%
When is positive childcare most important?
The first three years of a child’s life.
Child Abuse
Deliberate maltreatment of a child by an adult
Number of reports made each year
3 million
How many children are involved in these reports?
6.3 million. One report may involve multiple children.
Who are children most often abused by?
Their parent(s)
Physical abuse
Deliberate injury inflicted upon a child by any person
What percentage of children are physically abused?
28.3%
Signs of physical abuse
bruising
welts
burns
fractures
Consequences of physical abuse
aggressive behavior
withdrawn
fear of home and/or guardians
fearful of adults in general
Sexual abuse
Any contact between a child and adult that causes sexual stimulation
Percentage of sexually abused children
20.7%
Examples of sexual abuse
inappropriate touching
producing or consuming child pornography
exposing one’s genitals to a child
sexual intercourse
Signs of sexual abuse
pain, swelling, or itching in genital area
bruising, bleeding, or discharge in genital area
difficulty sitting or walking
stained or bloody underclothing
sexually transmitted diseases
refusal to change in front of others
Consequences of sexual abuse
poor peer relationships
unusual interest in sex
drastic changes in school performance
runaway or delinquent behavior
regression
mental health issues
difficulty developing close relationships
substance abuse
Emotional abuse
Abuse that serves to damage the self-esteem of a child
percentage of children who have been emotionally abused
25.4%
emotional abuse (subgroup)
10.6%
constant criticism
threats of harm or abandonment
humiliation
name calling
emotional neglect (subgroup)
withdrawal of love/affection
ignoring a child
consequences of emotional abuse
low self-esteem
severe depression
aggression
anxiety
suicidal ideation/attempts
Neglect
parent or guardian does not provide for a child’s most basic needs
percentage of neglected children
9.9%
signs of neglect
poor hygiene
inappropriate dress
unmet medical or dental needs
unsupervised
malnutrition
parentifying the child
arriving too early or leaving too late to school
not going to school
consequences of neglect
extreme willingness to please
oldest child acts as parent to siblings
high paranoia/anxiety
learning difficulties
causes of abuse (socioeconomic)
poverty
lack of education
unemployment
work pressure
frequent changes of address
causes of abuse (cultural)
cultural view of violence and physical punishment
cultural view of children as parental property
causes of abuse (social)
serious marital problems
violence within household
lack of support from extended family and others
loneliness and social isolation
overly high expectations for a child’s behavior
causes of abuse (health-related)
mental illness
physical illness
substance abuse
low self-esteem/self-confidence
Mandated reporters of child abuse (healthcare)
doctors
nurses
coroners/medical examiners
dentists
mental health professionals
Mandated reporters of child abuse (childcare)
social workers
teachers
school administrators
school counselors
daycare workers
first responders
Physical development in early childhood (3y-6y) Obesity Statistics
12% of children have a BMI at or above the 95th percentile; an additional 12% are at or above the 85th percentile.
causes of obesity
genetics
caloric intake
lack of exercise
too much screen time
consequences of obesity
Type II diabetes
osteoarthritis
some types of cancer
bullying and emotional damage
other health issues
how to prevent obesity
limit child’s calories
appropriate amount of exercise (50min per day)
don’t pressure children to overeat
make portions “kid-sized”
give healthy foods with appropriate nutrients
limit snacking
have regular and pleasant family meals
Malnutrition
17% of children in the U.S. live in food-insecure households
causes of malnutrition
poor housing
poor parental education
little food access
children in Third World countries
70% of child death occurs in 3rd world countries
factors leading of child death
poor nutrition
unsafe drinking water
inadequate housing
sanitary issues
leading causes of child death in the U.S.
automobile accidents
falls
windows
playground equipment
shootings
fires
poisoning
drowning
suffocation
Preventative measures for child death
auto restraint laws
harsher penalties for DUIs
helmet laws
warning labels on household chemicals
childproof caps
fence laws (swimming pools, parks, etc.)
effects of higher income on child’s health
positive correlation between higher income and child’s health
effects of lower income on child’s health
higher risk for chronic health conditions and have more activity limitations; Also may lack basic healthcare
About how many children are homeless every year?
1.35 million
Which children are at higher risk for homelessness?
children with single parents (usually mothers) and children facing domestic violence
How are childrens’ lives when facing homelessness?
unstable, insecure, and unsanitary
less access to medical care
attendance issues (esp. in school)
academic and behavioral issues
higher risk for mental illness
What cognitive stage are children 3-6 years old at? (Piaget)
Preoperational
symbolic function
children 3y-6y can use symbols to represent things in their environment
deferred imitation
children 3-6y can repeat an action after seeing/causing it earlier
pretend play
children 3-6y can pretend while playing with others
object permanence
children 3-6y learn that things in their environment are still present when they themselves are not present or not seeing those things
causality
children 3-6y learn cause and effect
egocentrism
limitation of the preoperational stage, where children cannot see things from other perspectives
centration
limitation of children in the preoperational stage, where children only focus on one aspect of a situation and ignore all other aspects
conservation
limitation of the preoperational stage, where children do not understand that the quantity of something can remain the same even when characteristics change
irreversability
limitation of the preoperational stage, where children cannot mentally reverse a sequence of events
transductive reasoning
limitation of the preoperational stage, where children make unrelated connections between things
purpose of discipline
to mold a child’s character, teach them self-control, and engage in acceptable behavior
Is reinforcement or punishment better when teaching children?
reinforcement
characteristics of an effective punishment
consistent, immediate, related to the offense, explained, and carried out by someone with a close relationship with the child
Effects of a mild punishment
child may not learn effectively and repeat the offense
Effects of moderate punishment
child learns to stop the offense, and their wellbeing remains stable
Effects of harsh punishment
child may not learn because they are too scared and/or traumatized, and may be left with negative psychological effects
Effects of corporal (physical) punishment
very detrimental, harms parental relationships, no learning done, child learns violence is okay
Authoritarian parenting
controlling, unquestioning obedience, very punishment-centered, less nurturing, lack of mutual respect b/w parent and child
Permissive parenting
emphasizes self-regulation, few rules, often blame others for rules, always gives explanations for rules, rarely punishes, warm, undemeaning
Authoritative/Democratic parenting
recognizes child’s individuality, stresses social constraints, has rules, gives explanations for rules, reasonable punishment, warm, loving
Neglectful parenting
parents are completely uninvolved in child’s life
Effects of authoritarian parenting
rebelliousness, too dependent on parents, poor social skills, low self-esteem, high anxiety
Effects of permissive parenting
entitled, little to no life skills, unrealistic world view
Effects of authoritative/democratic parenting
well-rounded, think for themselves, responsible
Effects of neglectful parenting
delinquency, attention-seeking, low self-esteem
Altruism
Acting out of concern for another with no expectation of a reward
How to encourage altruistic behavior
role modeling
setting high standards at home and school
pointing out examples of others
explaining how one’s behavior effects others
giving concrete examples of helping others
What causes altruism?
possible genetic predisposition
reasonable self-esteem
reaching a certain level of cognitive development
Instrumental aggression
used to reach a particular goal
not intended to do harm
common in young children
caused by disagreements
more social and competent kids use this
diminishes when egocentricity is lower
Overt/Relational agression
someone is purposefully targeted
Overt aggression
Physical violence, more common in boys
Relational agression
bullying, social exclusion, gossip, more common in girls
Biological causes of aggression
testosterone
Environmental causes of aggression
harsh discipline
lack of nurturance
no positive reinforcement
aggressive role models
violent environment
meaningless or not lasting peer groups
inconsistent standards for behavior
What are infants called in the first 4 weeks of life?
Neonate
How long does infancy last?
The first four weeks of life
Average length and weight of an infant
7.5 pounds and 20” long
How heavy and tall are 95% of infants?
Length between 18” and 22” and weight between 5.5 and 10 pounds
Are boys or girls usually heavier as infants?
boys
Do oldest siblings tend to be heavier or lighter than their later-born siblings?
Lighter / weigh less
How much weight do infants lose in the first few days of life?
10%
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