Final Psych Criminal Behaviour

What is the focus of psychological assessments for youth under 19 engaged in violence?

To decrease the likelihood that violence will continue into adulthood.

At what age do behavioral problems in children typically get identified?

Usually before the age of 12, often at school.

What types of problems do psychological assessments for children focus on?

Presence of internalizing problems or externalizing problems.

What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?

A pattern of angry irritable mood, argumentative behavior, and defiance lasting at least six months.

What is conduct disorder (CD)?

A persistent pattern of behavior where children violate the rights of others and basic social rules.

What percentage of children with ODD are likely to develop conduct disorder?

About 40 percent.

What are internalizing problems typically associated with?

Emotional difficulties like anxiety and depression.

What are externalizing problems typically associated with?

Behavioral difficulties like delinquency and aggression.

What does the term 'chronic offenders' refer to?

A small subset of offenders who commit a large percentage of crimes.

What is the significance of age at first offense for predicting criminal behavior?

Younger onset of criminal offending is associated with longer criminal careers.

What role do family risk factors play in juvenile delinquency?

Poor parenting, family size, and parental aggression increase delinquency risk.

What is the juvenile justice system's approach towards young offenders?

The Youth Criminal Justice Act aims to ensure due process and consider developmental differences.

What is the relationship between ADHD and impulsivity in juveniles?

ADHD is associated with increased impulsivity, raising the risk for engagement in criminal activities.

What are cognitive deficiencies linked to reactive aggression?

Focusing only on few social cues and misattributing hostile intent.

What type of aggression is driven by achieving a goal?

Proactive aggression.

What is meant by the cognitive model of conduct disordered behavior?

It describes how individuals interpret social cues and respond with aggression.

What type of behavior is more common in life course persistent offenders?

They often engage in different types of crime that escalate in severity.

How does brain development during adolescence affect behavior?

It can lead to increased impulsivity and difficulty regulating thoughts and actions.

What is a significant predictor of future antisocial behavior during adolescence?

Exposure to antisocial peers and environments.

What does research suggest about the effect of primary prevention programs?

They aim to enhance protective factors and stop violence before it occurs.

What is significant about the case of Lionel Tate?

He was sentenced to life without parole at 13 for a crime he committed as a child.

What are protective factors in youth criminology?

Factors that help children overcome risks and resist antisocial behavior.

How many risk factors are typically needed for a youth to become delinquent?

A combination of multiple risk factors is usually necessary.

What percentage of juvenile offenses are typically considered adolescent-limited?

About 70% of juvenile offenders.

What is a key feature of the externalizing problems in youth?

They are typically more difficult to treat and may lead to serious antisocial acts.

What is the minimum age in Canada at which a child can be charged with a criminal offense?

12 years old.

What is the purpose of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in Canada?

To prevent youth crime, provide meaningful consequences for criminal acts, encourage the responsibility of behavior, and improve rehabilitation and reintegration of youth into the community.

What is the age crime curve?

It refers to the consistent pattern that shows crime rates increase in early adolescence and decrease as individuals transition into adulthood.

What was the Juvenile Delinquents Act?

The 1908 legislation that recognized special circumstances for juvenile offenders, treating them differently than adults in terms of court procedures and sanctions.

How has youth incarceration changed since the introduction of the Youth Criminal Justice Act?

Youth incarceration rates have declined significantly, indicating that the act successfully diverts youth from custody.

What is extrajudicial measure?

Alternatives to formal court processing for youth, such as warnings or referrals to community programs.

What is the significance of the term 'delinquent' in the context of juvenile justice prior to the Young Offenders Act?

Juvenile offenders were viewed as delinquents rather than criminals, which aimed to recognize their developmental differences.

What percentage of youth accused of crimes in 2014 were charged by police compared to adults?

About 48% of youth accused were charged, compared to 63% of adults.

What was a major criticism of the original Juvenile Delinquents Act?

The informality of youth courts that sometimes denied youth their rights, including access to legal counsel.

What did the Young Offenders Act replace, and what was a significant change it introduced?

It replaced the Juvenile Delinquents Act and raised the minimum age for criminal responsibility from 7 to 12.

What is an intervention strategy in the context of problem-solving?

An intervention strategy is a targeted approach designed to initiate change and address specific issues or challenges.

What are the types of intervention strategies?

Types of intervention strategies can include behavioral, cognitive, and social strategies.

What does a behavioral intervention strategy involve?

A behavioral intervention strategy focuses on modifying observable behaviors to improve outcomes.

What is the role of cognitive intervention strategies?

Cognitive intervention strategies aim to change thought patterns and beliefs to influence behavior and emotions.

What defines a social intervention strategy?

A social intervention strategy leverages social networks and community resources to effect change and support individuals.

In what category will economically motivated crime be tested?

Economically motivated crime will only be tested in multiple choice.

What is intimate partner violence (IPV)?

IPV is a form of violence where the victim and perpetrator know each other, often involving an ongoing or previous relationship.

What short-term effects can IPV have on victims?

Short-term effects can include physical injuries, emotional distress, and mental health issues.

What long-term effects can IPV have?

Long-term effects may include physical health problems, chronic mental health disorders, and increased risk of future violence.

What is the prevalence of psychological abuse among intimate partners?

About 43% of women and 35% of men who have ever had an intimate partner report some form of psychological abuse.

What are some common triggers for IPV?

Triggers can include disobeying the abuser, failure to meet household obligations, or suspected infidelity.

How does the public perceive IPV historically?

IPV has often been conceptualized primarily as male violence against female partners.

What is the relationship between childhood exposure to violence and IPV?

Exposure to parental violence increases the likelihood of committing IPV later in life.

What protective factors can help individuals avoid becoming victims of IPV?

Protective factors include strong social support networks, education, and financial independence.

What is the main concept behind patriarchal theories of IPV?

Patriarchal theories suggest that long-standing cultural values that support male dominance contribute to IPV.

What does Bandura's social learning theory indicate about IPV?

Social learning theory suggests that IPV behaviors are learned through observation and that rewards for aggression can increase its likelihood.

What are some barriers to leaving an abusive relationship?

Barriers can include fear of retaliation, lack of financial independence, and concern for children.

Which groups are at a higher risk for experiencing IPV?

Younger people, Indigenous individuals, LGBTQ+ individuals, and those with disabilities are at higher risk.

What is the Duluth model?

The Duluth model is a community-based approach aimed at addressing IPV through intervention and holding offenders accountable.

What role does economic abuse play in IPV?

Economic abuse involves controlling a partner's access to financial resources, impacting their independence and ability to leave.

What are coercive control and its significance in IPV?

Coercive control refers to a pattern of behavior that establishes dominance through intimidation, isolation, and threats.

What is polyvictimization in the context of IPV?

Polyvictimization refers to experiencing multiple types of abuses, such as physical and emotional violence.

How do societal norms influence perceptions of IPV?

Societal norms can normalize violence and perpetuate beliefs about gender roles that justify IPV.

What overarching conclusion can be drawn about IPV?

IPV is a complex, multifaceted issue that intersects with various social, economic, and cultural factors.

What techniques can be employed by abusers to control their partners?

Techniques include intimidation, isolation, emotional manipulation, and economic control.

What is the impact of mental health on IPV victims?

Victims may experience depression, anxiety, PTSD, and other mental health disorders as a result of IPV.

How can understanding IPV help in prevention efforts?

Understanding IPV allows for education on healthy relationships and empowers individuals to seek help and prevent violence.

What measures are being taken to address IPV in legal contexts?

There are ongoing discussions about criminalizing coercive control and ensuring stricter penalties for IPV.

What is one effect of lockdowns during COVID-19 on IPV?

There has been an increase in reports of IPV during lockdowns due to confined living situations.